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World J Cardiol. May 26, 2014; 6(5): 260-276
Published online May 26, 2014. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i5.260
Published online May 26, 2014. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i5.260
Potential pathophysiological role for the vitamin D deficiency in essential hypertension
Federico Carbone, Fabrizio Montecucco, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genoa, Italy
Federico Carbone, François Mach, Cardiology Division, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Nicolas Vuilleumier, Fabrizio Montecucco, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
Author contributions: Carbone F and Montecucco F wrote the paper; Vuilleumier N and Mach F approved the final version of the manuscript; Mach F corrected the English form as native English speaker.
Supported by European Commission (FP7-INNOVATION I HEALTH-F2-2013-602114; Athero-B-Cell: Targeting and exploiting B cell function for treatment in cardiovascular disease) to Dr. F Mach; Swiss National Science Foundation Grants to Dr. F Mach, No. #310030_118245; Swiss National Science Foundation Grants to Dr. N Vuilleumier, No. #310030_140736; and Swiss National Science Foundation Grants to Dr. F Montecucco, No. #32003B_134963/1; the Novartis Foundation and the Foundation “Gustave and Simone Prévot” to Dr. F Montecucco
Correspondence to: Dr. Fabrizio Montecucco, MD, PhD, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland. fabrizio.montecucco@unige.ch
Telephone: +41-22-3827238 Fax: +41-22-3827245
Received: November 8, 2013
Revised: March 24, 2014
Accepted: April 11, 2014
Published online: May 26, 2014
Processing time: 223 Days and 21.3 Hours
Revised: March 24, 2014
Accepted: April 11, 2014
Published online: May 26, 2014
Processing time: 223 Days and 21.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the most recent studies investigating the relationship between vitamin D and essential hypertension. From the both observational and interventional studies, conflicting results have been shown. This review article provides some hypothesis to explain these discrepancies. In addition to the potential bias related to the study design, some pathophysiological explanation was suggested, especially involving the potential role of local vitamin D system as well as the fibroblast growth factor 23/klotho axis. This review aims at suggesting a careful reflection so that future studies might be designed for minimize bias and encompass the complex biology of vitamin D system.