Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Feb 26, 2020; 12(2): 76-90
Published online Feb 26, 2020. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i2.76
Carbon dioxide-angiography for patients with peripheral arterial disease at risk of contrast-induced nephropathy
Amol Gupta, Akinsansoye K Dosekun, Vinod Kumar
Amol Gupta, Vinod Kumar, Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular and Leg Center, Bakersfield, CA 93309, United States
Akinsansoye K Dosekun, Department of Nephrology, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, United States
Author contributions: Gupta A contributed to the conception and design of the work, literature search, data analysis for the work, and drafting the manuscript; Dosekun AK contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript; Kumar V contributed to the conception and design of the work and critically revised the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this manuscript.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Amol Gupta, MD, Research Associate, Clinical Researcher, Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular and Leg Center, 5020 Commerce Drive, Bakersfield, CA 93309, United States. amol@vippllc.com
Received: August 25, 2019
Peer-review started: August 25, 2019
First decision: September 28, 2019
Revised: January 3, 2020
Accepted: January 13, 2020
Article in press: January 13, 2020
Published online: February 26, 2020
Processing time: 185 Days and 11.6 Hours
Core Tip

Core tip: Patients with peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia require diagnostic and interventional angiography; however, iodinated contrast agents can be associated with contrast-induced nephropathy. Carbon dioxide angiography represents a safe and effective alternative to the use of iodinated contrast medium. This updated review provides readers with a comprehensive analysis of the current technological advances in the delivery and imaging of carbon dioxide for vascular angiography and its diagnostic value, with limitations and challenges being addressed.