Published online Jul 26, 2022. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v14.i7.411
Peer-review started: August 30, 2021
First decision: April 7, 2022
Revised: April 25, 2022
Accepted: June 17, 2022
Article in press: June 17, 2022
Published online: July 26, 2022
Processing time: 324 Days and 0.1 Hours
Studies that tested whether there is a significant joint effect of vitamin D intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS) on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality are sparse.
The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provides us an unique opportunity to test the research questions using a large-scale population sample size, with an average of 18 years follow-up. An integrated analysis approach of standard statistics methods and Machine Learning may provide new insights into the study field and add new evidence of clustering risk factors to control CVD and all-cause mortality.
To test the hypotheses that lower serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations (a marker of decreased vitamin D intake) and MetS have a long-term impact on the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, and individuals with vitamin D deficiency can be detected by key covariates.
A prospective analysis of 9094 adults who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 1988 to 1994 and were followed for each participant's vital status by December 31, 2015, was conducted.
Findings from the study add new evidence to the body of research by highlighting the joint effects of vitamin D deficiency and MetS on the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality among the United States adults. A comprehensive intervention for both groups of risk factors are necessary to reduce the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality.
There is a significant joint effect of vitamin D deficiency and MetS on the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. The application of standard bio-statistics and Machine Learning techniques provides a new tool to test research hypothesis and provide new insights into health promotion for individuals who are at high risk of unhealthy exposures and risk of CVD and all-cause mortality.
A high proportion of populations who have lower vitamin D levels and prevalent MetS poses a serious public health issue. Further studies are needed to examine the potential mechanisms by which that may cause vitamin D deficiency and MetS.