Bokhari SFH, Umais M, Faizan Sattar SM, Mehboob U, Iqbal A, Amir M, Bakht D, Ali K, Hasan AH, Javed MA, Dost W. Novel cardiac biomarkers and multiple-marker approach in the early detection, prognosis, and risk stratification of cardiac diseases. World J Cardiol 2025; 17(7): 106561 [DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i7.106561]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Wahidullah Dost, Researcher, Department of Curative Medicine, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Karte-e-sakhi, Kabul 10001, Afghanistan. wahidullahdost96@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Cardiol. Jul 26, 2025; 17(7): 106561 Published online Jul 26, 2025. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i7.106561
Novel cardiac biomarkers and multiple-marker approach in the early detection, prognosis, and risk stratification of cardiac diseases
Syed Faqeer Hussain Bokhari, Muhammad Umais, Syed Muhammad Faizan Sattar, Umair Mehboob, Asma Iqbal, Maaz Amir, Danyal Bakht, Khawar Ali, Abdul Haseeb Hasan, Muhammad Arsham Javed, Wahidullah Dost
Syed Faqeer Hussain Bokhari, Muhammad Umais, Syed Muhammad Faizan Sattar, Umair Mehboob, Asma Iqbal, Maaz Amir, Danyal Bakht, Khawar Ali, Abdul Haseeb Hasan, Muhammad Arsham Javed, Department of Medicine and Surgery, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
Wahidullah Dost, Department of Curative Medicine, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul 10001, Afghanistan
Author contributions: All authors made significant contributions to the development of this narrative review; Bokhari SFH conceptualized the study, provided critical revisions, and supervised the overall manuscript preparation; Umais M and Faizan Sattar SM contributed to the literature review and data collection, ensuring comprehensive coverage of relevant studies; Mehboob U and Iqbal A were responsible for drafting key sections of the manuscript, particularly focusing on biomarker classifications and their clinical implications; Amir M and Bakht D played a crucial role in analyzing and synthesizing findings, integrating relevant pathophysiological mechanisms; Ali K contributed to editing and refining the language, improving readability and coherence; Hasan AH assisted in formatting, reference management, and ensuring adherence to journal guidelines; Javed MA provided critical feedback, revised the manuscript for clarity, and ensured the discussion addressed key clinical concerns; Dost W revised the manuscript for structural consistency and flow, ensuring that transitions between sections were logical and that the narrative maintained a cohesive and engaging progression; All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Wahidullah Dost, Researcher, Department of Curative Medicine, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Karte-e-sakhi, Kabul 10001, Afghanistan. wahidullahdost96@gmail.com
Received: March 5, 2025 Revised: April 9, 2025 Accepted: June 16, 2025 Published online: July 26, 2025 Processing time: 143 Days and 18.3 Hours
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating innovative diagnostic and prognostic strategies. Traditional biomarkers like C-reactive protein, uric acid, troponin, and natriuretic peptides play crucial roles in CVD management, yet they are often limited by sensitivity and specificity constraints. This narrative review critically examines the emerging landscape of cardiac biomarkers and advocates for a multiple-marker approach to enhance early detection, prognosis, and risk stratification of CVD. In recent years, several novel biomarkers have shown promise in revolutionizing CVD diagnostics. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, microRNAs, endothelial microparticles, placental growth factor, trimethylamine N-oxide, retinol-binding protein 4, copeptin, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, galectin-3, growth differentiation factor-15, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, fibroblast growth factor 23, and adrenomedullin have emerged as significant indicators of CV health. These biomarkers provide insights into various pathophysiological processes, such as oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and myocardial injury. The integration of these novel biomarkers with traditional ones offers a more comprehensive understanding of CVD mechanisms. This multiple-marker approach can improve diagnostic accuracy, allowing for better risk stratification and more personalized treatment strategies. This review underscores the need for continued research to validate the clinical utility of these biomarkers and their potential incorporation into routine clinical practice. By leveraging the strengths of both traditional and novel biomarkers, precise therapeutic plans can be developed, thereby improving the management and prognosis of patients with CVDs. The ongoing exploration and validation of these biomarkers are crucial for advancing CV care and addressing the limitations of current diagnostic tools.
Core Tip: A multiple-marker approach integrating traditional and novel cardiac biomarkers enhances early detection, prognosis, and risk stratification of cardiovascular diseases. This narrative review highlights emerging biomarkers, their pathophysiological significance, and their potential role in improving diagnostic accuracy and personalized treatment strategies.
