• Antioxidant
• athlete
• oxidative stress
• protein
• silkworm pupae

• Cardiorespiratory endurance
• Muscle girth
• Muscle strength
• Resistance training

• Humans
• Male
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Female
• Adult
• Double-Blind Method
• Physical Endurance/drug effects
• Resistance Training
• Plant Roots
• Withania
• Young Adult
• Prospective Studies
• Muscle Strength/drug effects
• Adolescent
• Middle Aged
• Oxygen Consumption/drug effects

• Monster
• Red Bull
• adverse effects
• arrhythmia
• death
• energy drink
• taurine

• Animals
• Young Adult
• Humans
• Adolescent
• Energy Drinks/adverse effects
• Human Body
• Caffeine/adverse effects
• Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
• Athletes

• ELISA
• IgG
• amino acids
• athletes
• food allergens
• mass spectrometric analysis
• metabolome

• Lebanese
• athletes
• attitudes
• dietary
• knowledge
• practices
• supplements

Mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle injury with etiopathogenesis and its consequences have been described; however, the impact of different intensities of exercise on the mechanisms of muscular injury development is not well understood. The aim of this study was to exploit the relationship between platelet activation, oxidative stress and muscular injuries induced by physical exercise in elite football players compared to amateur athletes. Oxidant/antioxidant status, platelet activation and markers of muscle damage were evaluated in 23 elite football players and 23 amateur athletes. Compared to amateurs, elite football players showed lower antioxidant capacity and higher oxidative stress paralleled by increased platelet activation and muscle damage markers. Simple linear regression analysis showed that sNOX2-dp and H₂O₂, sCD40L and PDGF-bb were associated with a significant increase in muscle damage biomarkers. In vitro studies also showed that plasma obtained from elite athletes increased oxidative stress and muscle damage in human skeletal muscle myoblasts cell line compared to amateurs’ plasma, an effect blunted by the NOX2 inhibitor or by the cell treatment with cocoa-derived polyphenols. These results indicate that platelet activation increased muscular injuries induced by oxidative stress. Moreover, NOX2 inhibition and polyphenol extracts treatment positively modulates redox status and reduce exercise-induced muscular injury.

• Antioxidants/metabolism
• Antioxidants/pharmacology
• Athletes
• Biomarkers
• Cacao
• Humans
• Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Oxidative Stress
• Platelet Activation
• Polyphenols/metabolism
• Polyphenols/pharmacology

Background: Athletes and coaches believe in the ergogenic effect of vitamin B₁₂ (which results from enhanced erythropoiesis) and they often insist on its unjustified supplementation. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the vitamin B₁₂ status in Polish elite athletes and its influence on red blood cell parameters. Methods: In total, 1131 blood samples were collected during six years from 243 track and field athletes divided into strength and endurance groups, as well as according to the declared use of vitamin B₁₂ injections. Results: An average vitamin B₁₂ concentration in all subjects was 739 ± 13 pg/mL, with no cases of deficiency. A weak but significant relationship was found between vitamin B₁₂ and hemoglobin concentrations. A significant increase in hemoglobin appeared from very low vitamin B₁₂ concentration and up to approx. 400 pg/mL, while hemoglobin did not significantly change from 700 pg/mL and onwards. Vitamin B₁₂ injections were used by 34% of athletes, significantly more often by endurance than by strength athletes. In athletes who declared no use of injections, a higher concentration of vitamin B₁₂ was observed in the endurance group. Conclusion: The main finding of the present study is the determination of the range of vitamin B₁₂ concentration which may favor better hemoglobin synthesis in athletes. They should regularly monitor vitamin B₁₂ concentration and maintain the range of 400–700 pg/mL as it may improve red blood cell parameters. We might suggest application of a supplementation if necessary. Special attention is required in athletes with a vitamin B₁₂ concentration below 400 pg/mL.

• athletes
• hemoglobin
• injections
• vitamin B12 status
• vitamin B12 threshold

• Adult
• Athletes
• Female
• Hemoglobins/metabolism
• Humans
• Injections
• Male
• Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology
• Physical Endurance/drug effects
• Physical Endurance/physiology
• Poland
• Vitamin B 12/administration & dosage
• Vitamin B 12/blood
• Vitamin B 12/pharmacology
• Young Adult

• athletic performance
• dietary supplements
• sports nutrition sciences
• volleyball

• Blood platelets
• Caffeine
• Coffee
• Energy drinks
• Hemostasis

• cardiovascular demand
• cardiovascular disease
• elite athletes
• metabolomics

• Fat mass
• Fat-free mass
• Hypertrophy
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E

CDC’s (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) National Center for Health statistics recent reports have shown that an upsurge has occurred in the use of dietary supplements among age of 20 years since 1994 and this use shown regular increase. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of supplements on the reproductive health on male athletes in Pakistan.

A total of 150 adult male with mean age of 25.78 ± 0.56 years were included in this study and divided into four groups: Non-athlete control (n = 57), Non supplemental athlete control (n = 40), Supplemental athlete group I (n = 28) and supplemental athlete group II (n = 25). Blood (10 ml) was taken from each subject. Complete blood count was performed and 5 ml of blood was centrifuged to separate plasma and then analyzed for antioxidant enzyme (CAT, POD, GR and GSH) activities, Lipid peroxidation (TBARS), electrolyte, metal (sodium, potassium and zinc) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration.

Complete blood count results showed normal RBC, WBC, Platelets, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, GR, GSH) increased significantly in supplemental athletes as compared to control groups. Sodium and potassium showed significant increase (p < 0.001) in supplemental athlete group I, while TBARS also showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in supplemental group I and II as compared to non athlete control while non supplemental athletes showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in TBARS concentration as compared to non athlete control. LH concentration was found to be decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in supplemental group I and II as compared to control groups.

It is therefore concluded from the present results that oxidative stress was considerably elevated in response to supplement consumption among athletes which may affect their health haematological parameters and reproductive hormones.

The outstanding performance of an elite athlete might be associated with changes in their blood metabolic profile. The aims of this study were to compare the blood metabolic profiles between moderate- and high-power and endurance elite athletes and to identify the potential metabolic pathways underlying these differences.

Metabolic profiling of serum samples from 191 elite athletes from different sports disciplines (121 high- and 70 moderate-endurance athletes, including 44 high- and 144 moderate-power athletes), who participated in national or international sports events and tested negative for doping abuse at anti-doping laboratories, was performed using non-targeted metabolomics-based mass spectroscopy combined with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariate analysis was conducted using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Differences in metabolic levels between high- and moderate-power and endurance sports were assessed by univariate linear models.

Out of 743 analyzed metabolites, gamma-glutamyl amino acids were significantly reduced in both high-power and high-endurance athletes compared to moderate counterparts, indicating active glutathione cycle. High-endurance athletes exhibited significant increases in the levels of several sex hormone steroids involved in testosterone and progesterone synthesis, but decreases in diacylglycerols and ecosanoids. High-power athletes had increased levels of phospholipids and xanthine metabolites compared to moderate-power counterparts.

This pilot data provides evidence that high-power and high-endurance athletes exhibit a distinct metabolic profile that reflects steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative stress, and energy-related metabolites. Replication studies are warranted to confirm differences in the metabolic profiles associated with athletes’ elite performance in independent data sets, aiming ultimately for deeper understanding of the underlying biochemical processes that could be utilized as biomarkers with potential therapeutic implications.

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40798-017-0114-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Elite athletes
• Endurance
• Energy substrates
• Metabolomics
• Oxidative stress
• Power
• Steroids biosynthesis

• Caffeine
• Cardiovascular effects
• Energy drinks
• Guarana
• Taurine

• Dietary intake
• athletes
• nutrients
• nutrition
• soccer

• Diet
• exercise
• running
• supplements
• survey

Physical exercise promotes energy producing pathways requiring thiamin and riboflavin as a coenzyme. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of regular exercise training on urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin.

Fifty rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: non-exercise training (NT, n = 25) and regular exercise training (ET, n = 25) for 5 weeks. The rats performed moderate exercise on a treadmill (0.5-0.8 km/hour) for 30 min/day, 5 days/week. Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected at the end of the 0 week, 3^rd week, and 5^th week of training and thiamin and riboflavin were analyzed.

No significant differences in thiamin and riboflavin intakes for each week were observed between the NT and ET groups. Urinary thiamin excretion of each group was the highest at the 5^th week compared to the levels at 0 and 3^rd week. Urinary thiamin at the 5^th week was significantly lower in the ET group than in the NT group. Urinary riboflavin excretion was increased by training duration, however, no difference was observed between NT and ET for each week. At 0 and 3^rd week, no significant relationships were observed between dietary intake and urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin, however, at the 5^th week, urinary excretion was significantly increased by dietary intake only in the NT group (P < 0.05). Thiamin excretion of both NT and ET groups was significantly increased with riboflavin excretion at the 5^th week (P < 0.01).

Regular moderate exercise training increased urinary excretion of thiamin. Dietary intakes and urinary excretions of thiamin and riboflavin showed positive correlation in both the exercise training and non-exercise training groups as the exercise training period went by, while the correlations in the exercise training group were weaker than those in the non-exercise training group. Therefore, regular exercise training can alter the urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin in rats.

• B vitamins
• Thiamin
• exercise training
• rats
• riboflavin

• adverse reactions
• cardiology
• drug information
• hypertension
• medication safety
• pediatrics

• AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
• Administration, Oral
• Aegle/chemistry
• Alcohols/chemistry
• Animals
• Antioxidants/metabolism
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Free Radical Scavengers/isolation & purification
• Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
• Free Radicals/chemistry
• Fruit/chemistry
• Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism
• HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
• Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/enzymology
• Male
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Muscle Fatigue/drug effects
• Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Physical Endurance/drug effects
• Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Swimming
• Up-Regulation

• Choline supplementation
• biochemical variables
• body mass reduction
• combat sports
• female athletes

Finding an optimum for the cycling performance is not a trivial matter, since the literature shows the presence of many controversial aspects. In order to quantify different levels of performance, several indexes have been defined and used in many studies, reflecting variations in physiological and biomechanical factors. In particular, indexes such as Gross Efficiency (GE), Net Efficiency (NE) and Delta Efficiency (DE) have been referred to changes in metabolic efficiency (Eff_Met), while the Indexes of Effectiveness (IE), defined over the complete crank revolution or over part of it, have been referred to variations in mechanical effectiveness (Eff_Mech). All these indicators quantify the variations of different factors [i.e., muscle fibers type distribution, pedaling cadence, setup of the bicycle frame, muscular fatigue (MFat), environmental variables, ergogenic aids, psychological traits (Psych_Tr)], which, moreover, show high mutual correlation. In the attempt of assessing cycling performance, most studies in the literature keep all these factors separated. This may bring to misleading results, leaving unanswered the question of how to improve cycling performance. This work provides an overview on the studies involving indexes and factors usually related to performance monitoring and assessment in cycling. In particular, in order to clarify all those aspects, the mutual interactions among these factors are highlighted, in view of a global performance assessment. Moreover, a proposal is presented advocating for a model-based approach that considers all factors mentioned in the survey, including the mutual interaction effects, for the definition of an objective function E representing the overall effectiveness of a training program in terms of both Eff_Met and Eff_Mech.

• cycling
• effectiveness
• efficiency
• environmental variables
• ergogenic aids
• fatigue
• performance monitoring

This study was conducted to investigate relationships and gender differences in dietary supplement (DS) and oriental supplement (OS) prevalence as well as anti-doping awareness during training and the game period. Korea National Sport University athletes (343 male and 136 female) participated in this study and completed DS and OS practice and anti-doping awareness questionnaires. Forty-six percent of athletes used DS during the training period, and there was significantly higher DS use in females (53%) compared to males (43%) (P < 0.05). Twenty-eight percent of athletes used OS, and there was significantly higher OS use in females (35%) than males (26%) (P < 0.05) during the training period. The primary reason of DS use was to supply energy both in males (36%) and females (28%). The main reason for male athletes' OS use was to supply energy (41%). Meanwhile, the reasons for female athletes' OS use were to supply energy (23%), to maintain health (19%), and to improve recovery ability (20%), which showed a significant gender difference (P < 0.05). Athletes rated their perceived degree of satisfaction, perceived importance, and beliefs in efficacy of DS and OS use all over 50% during the training period, and no gender differences were detected. In a comparison between athletes educated about anti-doping (at least more than one time) and non-received athletes, DS and OS use during the training period was 2.30 (1.47-3.60) and 1.71 (1.03-2.82), respectively. DS and OS use immediately before the game period was 2.38 (1.50-3.80) and 3.99 (1.20-13.28), respectively. Elite athletes' anti-doping education was highly related to increased DS use during the training period and immediately before the game. Although elite athletes use various DS and OS during the training period and before the game period, doping education for elite athletes is related with DS and OS use during the training period and before the game.

• Dietary supplementation
• anti-doping education
• elite athletes