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Qin H, Jiang J, Jing Z, Wang J, Xu S, Chen R, Wang B, Huo Z, Fang L. The Isolation and Identification of Pseudoalteromonas sp. H27, a Bacterial Strain Pathogenic to Crassostrea gigas. Microorganisms 2025; 13:296. [PMID: 40005668 PMCID: PMC11857945 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2025] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection is frequently observed in disease outbreaks of aquatic animals, making it of significance to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogens. In this study, diseased individuals of Crassostrea gigas were sampled from the nearshore area in Zhanjiang, Guangdong in May 2023. Culturable bacteria were isolated from the diseased tissue and a pathogenic strain labeled as H27 was screened through a hemolysis test and bacterial challenge experiments. Morphological characterization, 16S rRNA gene sequence-based molecular identification and biochemical tests showed that strain H27 belonged to the genus of Pseudoalteromonas, a dominant genus in the diseased tissue of C. gigas revealed by bacterial community structure analysis. The clinical signs originally observed in naturally diseased C. gigas were reproduced in strain H27-challenged adults, both with the red mantle and adductor. Histopathological analysis was further performed on the diseased tissues of the latter, which showed a significantly increased accumulation of pigment granules in the cytoplasm of the diseased mantle as well as enlarged muscle fiber distances in the diseased adductor. In addition, strain H27 was re-isolated from tissues of the moribund C. gigas after bacterial challenge, indicating the fulfillment of Koch's postulate. Our results help to enrich the knowledge of C. gigas diseases, possibly contributing to disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Qin
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (H.Q.); (J.J.); (Z.J.); (J.W.); (S.X.); (R.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Junyi Jiang
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (H.Q.); (J.J.); (Z.J.); (J.W.); (S.X.); (R.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Zhikai Jing
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (H.Q.); (J.J.); (Z.J.); (J.W.); (S.X.); (R.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Jiayu Wang
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (H.Q.); (J.J.); (Z.J.); (J.W.); (S.X.); (R.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Shuang Xu
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (H.Q.); (J.J.); (Z.J.); (J.W.); (S.X.); (R.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Rongwei Chen
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (H.Q.); (J.J.); (Z.J.); (J.W.); (S.X.); (R.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (H.Q.); (J.J.); (Z.J.); (J.W.); (S.X.); (R.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Zhongming Huo
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Fang
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (H.Q.); (J.J.); (Z.J.); (J.W.); (S.X.); (R.C.); (B.W.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Choi W, Lee H, Wang Q, Bang YJ, Choi SH. Discovery of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor Targeting the Biofilm Regulator BrpT in Vibrio vulnificus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:2201-2210. [PMID: 39403724 PMCID: PMC11637837 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2406.06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen, employs biofilm formation as a key survival and virulence mechanism. BrpT, a transcriptional regulator, is essential for V. vulnificus biofilm development by regulating the expression of biofilm-related genes. In this study, we aimed to identify a small molecule inhibitor of BrpT to combat V. vulnificus biofilm formation. High-throughput screening of 7,251 compounds using an Escherichia coli reporter strain carrying the arabinose-inducible brpT gene and a BrpT-activated promoter fused to the luxCDABE operon identified a hit compound, BTI (BrpT Inhibitor). BTI potently inhibited BrpT activity in V. vulnificus (EC50 of 6.48 μM) without affecting bacterial growth or host cell viability. Treatment with BTI significantly reduced the expression of the BrpT regulon and impaired biofilm formation and colony rugosity in V. vulnificus, thus increasing its susceptibility to antibiotics. In vitro biochemical analyses revealed that BTI directly binds to BrpT and inhibits its transcriptional regulatory activity. The identification of BTI as a specific inhibitor of BrpT that effectively diminishes V. vulnificus biofilm formation provides a promising foundation for the development of novel anti-biofilm strategies, with the potential to address the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance and improve the treatment of biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonwoo Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai 200237, P.R, China
| | - Ye-Ji Bang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Ma LC, Li M, Chen YM, Chen WY, Chen YW, Cheng ZL, Zhu YZ, Zhang Y, Guo XK, Liu C. Genomic Insight into Zoonotic and Environmental Vibrio vulnificus: Strains with T3SS2 as a Novel Threat to Public Health. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2375. [PMID: 39597763 PMCID: PMC11596471 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Revised: 11/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a significant opportunistic pathogen with the highest fatality rate among foodborne microbes. However, due to a lack of comprehensive surveillance, the characteristics of isolates in China remain poorly understood. This study analyzed 60 strains of V. vulnificus isolated from diverse sources in Shanghai, including shellfish, crabs, shrimps, throat swabs of migratory birds, as well as seafood farming water and seawater. Identification of the genotypes was performed using PCR, and cytotoxicity was determined using an LDH assay. DNA was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq followed by a bioinformatic analysis. The results demonstrated that a majority of the strains belonged to the 16S rRNA B-vcgC genotype. All strains carried five antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with some strains carrying over ten ARGs, mediating resistance to multiple antibiotics. Five strains possessed a highly abundant effector delivery system, which further investigations revealed to be a type III secretion system II (T3SS2), marking the first description of T3SS2 in V. vulnificus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that it belonged to a different genetic lineage from T3SS2α and T3SS2β of V. parahaemolyticus. Bacteria with T3SS2 sequences were concentrated in coastal areas and mostly within the genus Vibrio in the global prevalence survey. Our study provides essential baseline information for non-clinical V. vulnificus and discovers the existence of T3SS2 in several strains which may be more virulent, thereby posing a new threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chao Ma
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei-Ye Chen
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zi-Le Cheng
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yong-Zhang Zhu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Xiao-Kui Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.-C.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Unzueta‐Martínez A, Bowen J. Persistent tissue-specific resident microbiota in oysters across a broad geographical range. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e70026. [PMID: 39446070 PMCID: PMC11500617 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.70026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Marine animals often harbour complex microbial communities that influence their physiology. However, strong evidence for resident microbiomes in marine bivalves is lacking, despite their contribution to estuarine habitats and coastal economies. We investigated whether marine bivalves harbour stable, resident microorganisms in specific tissues or if their microbiomes primarily consist of transient members reflecting the environmental microbial pool. Conducting a latitudinal study of wild eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) along the East Coast of the United States, we aimed to identify resident microorganisms that persist across a wide geographical range. Our results revealed that microbial communities in seawater and sediment samples followed latitudinal diversity patterns driven by geographic location. In contrast, oyster-associated microbiomes were distinct from their surrounding environments and exhibited tissue-specific compositions. Notably, oyster microbiomes showed greater similarity within the same tissue type across different geographic locations than among different tissue types within the same location. This indicates the presence of tissue-specific resident microbes that persist across large geographical ranges. We identified a persistent set of resident microbiome members for each tissue type, with key microbial members consistent across all locations. These findings underscore the oyster host's role in selecting its microbiome and highlight the importance of tissue-specific microbial communities in understanding bivalve-associated microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Unzueta‐Martínez
- Department of Marine and Environmental ScienceNortheastern UniversityNahantMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jennifer Bowen
- Department of Marine and Environmental ScienceNortheastern UniversityNahantMassachusettsUSA
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Morrison BH, Jones JL, Dzwonkowski B, Krause JW. Tracking Vibrio: population dynamics and ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in an Alabama estuary. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0367423. [PMID: 38578091 PMCID: PMC11210274 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03674-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio is a genus of halophilic, gram-negative bacteria found in estuaries around the globe. Integral parts of coastal cultures often involve contact with vectors of pathogenic Vibrio spp. (e.g., consuming raw shellfish). High rates of mortality from certain Vibrio spp. infections demonstrate the need for an improved understanding of Vibrio spp. dynamics in estuarine regions. Our study assessed meteorological, hydrographic, and biological correlates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus at 10 sites in the Eastern Mississippi Sound System (EMSS) from April to October 2019. During the sampling period, median abundances of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were 2.31 log MPN/L and 2.90 log MPN/L, respectively. Vibrio spp. dynamics were largely driven by site-based variation, with sites closest to freshwater inputs having the highest abundances. The E-W wind scalar, which affects Ekman transport, was a novel Vibrio spp. correlate observed. A potential salinity effect on bacterial-particle associations was identified, where V. vulnificus was associated with larger particles in conditions outside of their optimal salinity. Additionally, V. vulnificus abundances were correlated to those of harmful algal species that did not dominate community chlorophyll. Correlates from this study may be used to inform the next iteration of regionally predictive Vibrio models and may lend additional insight to Vibrio spp. ecology in similar systems. IMPORTANCE Vibrio spp. are bacteria found in estuaries worldwide; some species can cause illness and infections in humans. Relationships between Vibrio spp. abundance, salinity, and temperature are well documented, but correlations to other environmental parameters are less understood. This study identifies unique correlates (e.g., E-W wind scalar and harmful algal species) that could potentially inform the next iteration of predictive Vibrio models for the EMSS region. Additionally, these correlates may allow existing environmental monitoring efforts to be leveraged in providing data inputs for future Vibrio risk models. An observed correlation between salinity and V. vulnificus/particle-size associations suggests that predicted environmental changes may affect the abundance of Vibrio spp. in certain reservoirs, which may alter which vectors present the greatest vibrio risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair H Morrison
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
- Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica L Jones
- FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Brian Dzwonkowski
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
- Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Krause
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
- Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Restrepo-Benavides M, Lozano-Arce D, Gonzalez-Garcia LN, Báez-Aguirre F, Ariza-Aranguren G, Faccini D, Zambrano MM, Jiménez P, Fernández-Bravo A, Restrepo S, Guevara-Suarez M. Unveiling potential virulence determinants in Vibrio isolates from Anadara tuberculosa through whole genome analyses. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0292823. [PMID: 38189292 PMCID: PMC10846245 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02928-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Vibrio includes pathogenic bacteria able to cause disease in humans and aquatic organisms, leading to disease outbreaks and significant economic losses in the fishery industry. Despite much work on Vibrio in several marine organisms, no specific studies have been conducted on Anadara tuberculosa. This is a commercially important bivalve species, known as "piangua hembra," along Colombia's Pacific coast. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and characterize the genomes of Vibrio isolates obtained from A. tuberculosa. Bacterial isolates were obtained from 14 A. tuberculosa specimens collected from two locations along the Colombian Pacific coast, of which 17 strains were identified as Vibrio: V. parahaemolyticus (n = 12), V. alginolyticus (n = 3), V. fluvialis (n = 1), and V. natriegens (n = 1). Whole genome sequence of these isolates was done using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). The analysis revealed the presence of genes conferring resistance to β-lactams, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolides, indicating potential resistance to these antimicrobial agents. Genes associated with virulence were also found, suggesting the potential pathogenicity of these Vibrio isolates, as well as genes for Type III Secretion Systems (T3SS) and Type VI Secretion Systems (T6SS), which play crucial roles in delivering virulence factors and in interbacterial competition. This study represents the first genomic analysis of bacteria within A. tuberculosa, shedding light on Vibrio genetic factors and contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic potential of these Vibrio isolates.IMPORTANCEThis study presents the first comprehensive report on the whole genome analysis of Vibrio isolates obtained from Anadara tuberculosa, a bivalve species of great significance for social and economic matters on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Research findings have significant implications for the field, as they provide crucial information on the genetic factors and possible pathogenicity of Vibrio isolates associated with A. tuberculosa. The identification of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors within these isolates emphasizes the potential risks they pose to both human and animal health. Furthermore, the presence of genes associated with Type III and Type VI Secretion Systems suggests their critical role in virulence and interbacterial competition. Understanding the genetic factors that contribute to Vibrio bacterial virulence and survival strategies within their ecological niche is of utmost importance for the effective prevention and management of diseases in aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Restrepo-Benavides
- Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Daniela Lozano-Arce
- Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Natalia Gonzalez-Garcia
- Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Systems and Computing Engineering Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Felipe Báez-Aguirre
- Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Ariza-Aranguren
- Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Faccini
- Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Pedro Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, Colombia
| | - Ana Fernández-Bravo
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Alimentos, Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcela Guevara-Suarez
- Applied Genomics Research Group, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Yesilay G, Dos Santos OAL, A BR, Hazeem LJ, Backx BP, J JV, Kamel AH, Bououdina M. Impact of pathogenic bacterial communities present in wastewater on aquatic organisms: Application of nanomaterials for the removal of these pathogens. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106620. [PMID: 37399782 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated wastewater (WW) can cause severe hazards to numerous delicate ecosystems and associated life forms. In addition, human health is negatively impacted by the presence of microorganisms in water. Multiple pathogenic microorganisms in contaminated water, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, and viruses, are vectors for several contagious diseases. To avoid the negative impact of these pathogens, WW must be free from pathogens before being released into stream water or used for other reasons. In this review article, we have focused on pathogenic bacteria in WW and summarized the impact of the different types of pathogenic bacteria on marine organisms. Moreover, we presented a variety of physical and chemical techniques that have been developed to provide a pathogen-free aquatic environment. Among the techniques, membrane-based techniques for trapping hazardous biological contaminants are gaining popularity around the world. Besides, novel and recent advancements in nanotechnological science and engineering suggest that many waterborne pathogens could be inactivated using nano catalysts, bioactive nanoparticles, nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosized photocatalytic structures, and electrospun nanofibers and processes have been thoroughly examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Yesilay
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences-Türkiye, Istanbul 34668, Türkiye; Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, University of Health Sciences, Validebag Research Park, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Türkiye
| | | | - Bevin Roger A
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, India
| | - Layla J Hazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, 32038, Bahrain
| | | | - Judith Vijaya J
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, India
| | - Ayman H Kamel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, 32038, Bahrain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bououdina
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Almagro-Moreno S, Martinez-Urtaza J, Pukatzki S. Vibrio Infections and the Twenty-First Century. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:1-16. [PMID: 36792868 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The Vibrionaceae is a highly diverse family of aquatic bacteria. Some members of this ubiquitous group can cause a variety of diseases in humans ranging from cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae, severe septicemia caused by Vibrio vulnificus, to acute gastroenteritis by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Planet Earth is experiencing unprecedented changes of planetary scale associated with climate change. These environmental perturbations paired with overpopulation and pollution are increasing the distribution of pathogenic Vibrios and exacerbating the risk of causing infections. In this chapter, we discuss various aspects of Vibrio infections within the context of the twenty-first century with a major emphasis on the aforementioned pathogenic species. Overall, we believe that the twenty-first century is posed to be both one full of challenges due to the rise of these pathogens, and also a catalyst for innovative and groundbreaking discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Almagro-Moreno
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. .,National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Department de Genetica I de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Pukatzki
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Geng XY, Wang MK, Chen JH, Xiao L, Yang JS. Marine biological injuries and their medical management: A narrative review. World J Biol Chem 2023; 14:1-12. [PMID: 36741876 PMCID: PMC9896478 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment can be extremely dangerous, and the harm caused by marine organisms when they contact the human body can be especially harmful, even deadly. Contact includes stings, bites, wounds, and consumption as food. In this article, the characteristics of the common marine biological injuries are summarized, the major marine organisms causing damage in China's marine waters are described, and injury prevention and treatment methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Geng
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Ming-Ke Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji-Shun Yang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China
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10
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Targeting Virulence Genes Expression in Vibrio vulnificus by Alternative Carbon Sources. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315278. [PMID: 36499602 PMCID: PMC9737408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen causing self-limiting gastroenteritis, life-threatening necrotizing soft tissue infection, and fulminating septicaemia. An increasing rate of infections has been reported worldwide, characterized by sudden onset of sepsis and/or rapid progression to irreversible tissue damage or death. Timely intervention is essential to control the infection, and it is based on antibiotic therapy, which does not always result in the effective and rapid blocking of virulence. Inhibitors of essential virulence regulators have been reported in the last years, but none of them has been further developed, so far. We aimed to investigate whether exposure to some carbon compounds, mostly easily metabolizable, could result in transcriptional down-regulation of virulence genes. We screened various carbon sources already available for human use (thus potentially easy to be repurposed), finding some of them (including mannitol and glycerol) highly effective in down-regulating, in vitro and ex-vivo, the mRNA levels of several relevant -even essential- virulence factors (hlyU, lrp, rtxA, vvpE, vvhA, plpA, among others). This paves the way for further investigations aiming at their development as virulence inhibitors and to unveil mechanisms explaining such observed effects. Moreover, data suggesting the existence of additional regulatory networks of some virulence genes are reported.
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11
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Hoefler F, Pouget-Abadie X, Roncato-Saberan M, Lemarié R, Takoudju EM, Raffi F, Corvec S, Le Bras M, Cazanave C, Lehours P, Guimard T, Allix-Béguec C. Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics and Therapeutic Management of Patients with Vibrio Infections, Bay of Biscay, France, 2001-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2367-2373. [PMID: 36418019 PMCID: PMC9707594 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.220748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncholera vibriosis is a rare, opportunistic bacterial infection caused by Vibrio spp. other than V. cholerae O1/O139 and diagnosed mainly during the hot summer months in patients after seaside activities. Detailed knowledge of circulating pathogenic strains and heterogeneities in infection outcomes and disease dynamics may help in patient management. We conducted a multicenter case-series study documenting Vibrio infections in 67 patients from 8 hospitals in the Bay of Biscay, France, over a 19-year period. Infections were mainly caused by V. alginolyticus (34%), V. parahaemolyticus (30%), non-O1/O139 V. cholerae (15%), and V. vulnificus (10%). Drug-susceptibility testing revealed intermediate and resistant strains to penicillins and first-generation cephalosporins. The acute infections (e.g., those involving digestive disorder, cellulitis, osteitis, pneumonia, and endocarditis) led to a life-threatening event (septic shock), amputation, or death in 36% of patients. Physicians may need to add vibriosis to their list of infections to assess in patients with associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Pouget-Abadie
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | - Mariam Roncato-Saberan
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | - Romain Lemarié
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | - Eve-Marie Takoudju
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | - François Raffi
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | - Stéphane Corvec
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | | | - Charles Cazanave
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | - Philippe Lehours
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | - Thomas Guimard
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
| | - Caroline Allix-Béguec
- Centre Hospitalier La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France (F. Hoefler, X. Pouget-Abadie, M. Roncato-Saberan, R. Lemarié, C. Allix-Béguec)
- Centre Hospitalier Départemental Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France (E.-M. Takoudju, T. Guimard)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France (F. Raffi, S. Corvec, M. Le Bras)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (C. Cazanave, P. Lehours)
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12
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Howells J, Brosnahan C. Bacteriology & bivalves: Assessing diagnostic tools for geographically remote bivalve populations. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 202:106581. [PMID: 36181970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two sampling approaches for the growth of common or dominant bacteria from bivalve haemolymph were compared: (1) samples processed in the field immediately after collection (field samples), and (2) samples processed in the laboratory at least 24 h after collection (laboratory samples). The sampling approaches were compared on 210 marine bivalve molluscs Paphies subtriangulata and P. australis from two shallow intertidal sites in North Island New Zealand. The approaches were evaluated for the amount of bacterial growth, type of growth, and diversity of growth. Differences in amount and type of growth between the two sampling approaches were observed. Samples processed in the field from P. subtriangulata had significantly more bacterial growth, and a higher diversity of bacteria, including more common or dominant bacterial species. Laboratory samples had a higher proportion of samples with no growth, however common or dominant bacteria were still isolated from these samples. For P. australis, field samples more often had no bacterial growth and laboratory samples had a significantly higher number of common or dominant growth present. Field samples did however contain a higher diversity of bacteria. By conducting bacteriology on bivalves in either the field or the laboratory only, there may be limitations to determining the significance of a bacterial agent isolated. Sampling of both field and laboratory samples should be carried out where possible to optimise detection of important bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Howells
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand.
| | - Cara Brosnahan
- Aquatic and Environmental Health, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5140, New Zealand
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13
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A multiplex PCR for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus hazardous to human and/or animal health from seafood. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 377:109778. [PMID: 35696749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a zoonotic pathogen linked to aquaculture that is spreading due to climate change. The pathogen can be transmitted to humans and animals by ingestion of raw shellfish or seafood feed, respectively. The aim of this work was to design and test a new procedure to detect V. vulnificus hazardous to human and/or animal health in food/feed samples. For this purpose, we combined a pre-enrichment step with multiplex PCR using primers for the species and for human and animal virulence markers. In vitro assays with mixed DNA from different Vibrio species and Vibrio cultures showed that the new protocol was 100 % specific with a detection limit of 10 cfu/mL. The protocol was successfully validated in seafood using artificially contaminated live shrimp and proved useful also in pathogen isolation from animals and their ecosystem. In conclusion, this novel protocol could be applied in health risk studies associated with food/feed consumption, as well as in the routine identification and subtyping of V. vulnificus from environmental or clinical samples.
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14
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Environmental Stressors and Pathology of Marine Molluscs. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mollusca is one of the most species-rich phylum of the Animal Kingdom, comprising a wide range of both terrestrial and aquatic organisms [...]
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15
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Lattos A, Chaligiannis I, Papadopoulos D, Giantsis IA, Petridou EI, Vafeas G, Staikou A, Michaelidis B. How Safe to Eat Are Raw Bivalves? Host Pathogenic and Public Health Concern Microbes within Mussels, Oysters, and Clams in Greek Markets. Foods 2021; 10:2793. [PMID: 34829074 PMCID: PMC8623680 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw-bivalves consumption is a wide trend in Mediterranean countries. Despite the unambiguous nutritional value of seafood, raw consumption of bivalves may involve risks that could pose a significant threat to consumers' health. Their filter-feeding behavior is responsible for the potential hosting of a wide variety of microorganisms, either pathogenic for the bivalves or public health threats. Under this prism, the current study was conducted in an effort to evaluate the risk of eating raw bivalves originating from the two biggest seafood markets in Thessaloniki, the largest production area of bivalves in Greece. Both microbiological and molecular methodologies were applied in order to assess the presence of various harmful microbes, including noroviruses, Bonamia, Marteilia, Esherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio. Results indicated the presence of several Vibrio strains in the analyzed samples, of which the halophilic Vibrio harveyi was verified by 16S rRNA sequencing; other than this, no enteropathogenic Vibrio spp. was detected. Furthermore, although Esherichia coli was detected in several samples, it was mostly below the European Union (EU) legislation thresholds. Interestingly, the non-target Photobacterium damselae was also detected, which is associated with both wound infections in human and aquatic animals. Regarding host pathogenic microorganisms, apart from Vibrio harveyi, the protozoan parasite Marteilia refrigens was identified in oysters, highlighting the continuous infection of this bivalve in Greece. In conclusion, bivalves can be generally characterized as a safe-to-eat raw food, hosting more bivalve pathogenic microbes than those of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilias Chaligiannis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Evanthia I. Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George Vafeas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Alexandra Staikou
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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16
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Savini F, Giacometti F, Tomasello F, Pollesel M, Piva S, Serraino A, De Cesare A. Assessment of the Impact on Human Health of the Presence of Norovirus in Bivalve Molluscs: What Data Do We Miss? Foods 2021; 10:2444. [PMID: 34681492 PMCID: PMC8535557 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the latest One Health ECDC EFSA technical report, Norovirus in fish and fishery products have been listed as the agent/food pair causing the highest number of strong-evidence outbreaks in the EU in 2019. This review aims to identify data gaps that must be filled in order to increase knowledge on Norovirus in bivalve molluscs, perform a risk assessment and rank the key mitigation strategies for this biological hazard, which is relevant to public health. Virologic determinations are not included in any of the food safety and process hygiene microbiologic criteria reflected in the current European regulations. In addition, the Escherichia coli-based indices of acceptable faecal contamination for primary production, as well as the food safety criteria, do not appear sufficient to indicate the extent of Norovirus contamination. The qualitative risk assessment data collected in this review suggests that bivalve molluscs present a high risk to human health for Norovirus only when consumed raw or when insufficiently cooked. On the contrary, the risk can be considered negligible when they are cooked at a high temperature, while information is still scarce for non-thermal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.S.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (A.D.C.)
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17
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López-Pérez M, Jayakumar JM, Grant TA, Zaragoza-Solas A, Cabello-Yeves PJ, Almagro-Moreno S. Ecological diversification reveals routes of pathogen emergence in endemic Vibrio vulnificus populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103470118. [PMID: 34593634 PMCID: PMC8501797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103470118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen emergence is a complex phenomenon that, despite its public health relevance, remains poorly understood. Vibrio vulnificus, an emergent human pathogen, can cause a deadly septicaemia with over 50% mortality rate. To date, the ecological drivers that lead to the emergence of clinical strains and the unique genetic traits that allow these clones to colonize the human host remain mostly unknown. We recently surveyed a large estuary in eastern Florida, where outbreaks of the disease frequently occur, and found endemic populations of the bacterium. We established two sampling sites and observed strong correlations between location and pathogenic potential. One site is significantly enriched with strains that belong to one phylogenomic cluster (C1) in which the majority of clinical strains belong. Interestingly, strains isolated from this site exhibit phenotypic traits associated with clinical outcomes, whereas strains from the second site belong to a cluster that rarely causes disease in humans (C2). Analyses of C1 genomes indicate unique genetic markers in the form of clinical-associated alleles with a potential role in virulence. Finally, metagenomic and physicochemical analyses of the sampling sites indicate that this marked cluster distribution and genetic traits are strongly associated with distinct biotic and abiotic factors (e.g., salinity, nutrients, or biodiversity), revealing how ecosystems generate selective pressures that facilitate the emergence of specific strains with pathogenic potential in a population. This knowledge can be applied to assess the risk of pathogen emergence from environmental sources and integrated toward the development of novel strategies for the prevention of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario López-Pérez
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, División de Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jane M Jayakumar
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Trudy-Ann Grant
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Asier Zaragoza-Solas
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, División de Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cabello-Yeves
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, División de Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Almagro-Moreno
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816;
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
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18
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Emergence of Reassortment between a New and Reported Types of Betanodavirus in Shellfish. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101232. [PMID: 34684181 PMCID: PMC8540928 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, three types of betanodavirus including red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV), and Korean shellfish nervous necrosis virus (KSNNV) (proposed as a new fifth type) have been detected in shellfish in the marine environment around Korea. To investigate the presence of reassortment between betanodavirus types, the type based on the RNA2 segment of betanodaviruses carried in 420 domestic shellfish (n = 306) and finfish (n = 35), as well as imported shellfish (n = 79), was compared with the type identified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for RNA1 segment. Only five samples carrying reassortant betanodaviruses were found, appearing as RG/KSNNV (n = 2), KS/RGNNV (n = 1), and SJ/RGNNV (n = 2) types. From these samples, we successfully isolated two reassortant strains from Korean and Chinese shellfish in E-11 cells and called them KG1-reKS/RG and CM1-reRG/KS, respectively. In the full genome sequences, each RNA segment of the reassortant strains exhibited the same gene length and high sequence homology (≥98%) with the reference strains corresponding to the type of each segment. Both these reassortant strains induced high mortality to sevenband grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus) larvae with high viral concentrations in the body (109 viral particles/mg) and severe vacuolation in the retina and brain. These are the first results showing the involvement of the KSNNV type in the reassortment of RNA segments in the reported types of betanodavirus, which could represent a new potential risk in fish.
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19
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Zgouridou A, Tripidaki E, Giantsis IA, Theodorou JA, Kalaitzidou M, Raitsos DE, Lattos A, Mavropoulou AM, Sofianos S, Karagiannis D, Chaligiannis I, Anestis A, Papadakis N, Feidantsis K, Mintza D, Staikou A, Michaelidis B. The current situation and potential effects of climate change on the microbial load of marine bivalves of the Greek coastlines: an integrative review. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1012-1034. [PMID: 34499795 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Global warming affects the aquatic ecosystems, accelerating pathogenic microorganisms' and toxic microalgae's growth and spread in marine habitats, and in bivalve molluscs. New parasite invasions are directly linked to oceanic warming. Consumption of pathogen-infected molluscs impacts human health at different rates, depending, inter alia, on the bacteria taxa. It is therefore necessary to monitor microbiological and chemical contamination of food. Many global cases of poisoning from bivalve consumption can be traced back to Mediterranean regions. This article aims to examine the marine bivalve's infestation rate within the scope of climate change, as well as to evaluate the risk posed by climate change to bivalve welfare and public health. Biological and climatic data literature review was performed from international scientific sources, Greek authorities and State organizations. Focusing on Greek aquaculture and bivalve fisheries, high-risk index pathogenic parasites and microalgae were observed during summer months, particularly in Thermaikos Gulf. Considering the climate models that predict further temperature increases, it seems that marine organisms will be subjected in the long term to higher temperatures. Due to the positive linkage between temperature and microbial load, the marine areas most affected by this phenomenon are characterized as 'high risk' for consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Zgouridou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Eirini Tripidaki
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, 53100, Greece
| | - John A Theodorou
- Department Animal Production Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Maria Kalaitzidou
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Department of Food Microbiology, Biochemical Control, Residues, Marine Biotoxins and Other Water Toxins, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dionysios E Raitsos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Lattos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Apostolia-Maria Mavropoulou
- Department of Physics, Section of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sarantis Sofianos
- Department of Physics, Section of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Karagiannis
- National Reference Laboratory for Mollusc Diseases, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Thessaloniki, 54627, Greece
| | - Ilias Chaligiannis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.,Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 570 01, Thermi, Greece
| | - Andreas Anestis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social - Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos Papadakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social - Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Dionysia Mintza
- Department of Fishery Products, Milk and Other Food of Animal Origin, Ministry of Rural Development and Food of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Staikou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
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20
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Park S, Lee H, Kim S, Choi Y, Oh H, Kim Y, Lee Y, Seo Y, Kang J, Park E, Yoon Y, Ha J. Identification of Pathogenic Variations in Seafood Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates by Comparing Genome Sequences. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1141-1149. [PMID: 33635940 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT An investigation of the pathogenic characteristics of isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was conducted by identifying the pathogenic tdh gene and then performing adherence and cytotoxicity assays. Genome sequences of the seafood isolates were analyzed using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The isolated strains were then mapped by comparing the genomes to the reference genome, and variations in the nucleotide sequences and amino acids were identified with the CLC Genomics Workbench program. The tdh gene was identified in four isolates of V. parahaemolyticus, of which three-SMFM201809-CPC7-3, SMFM201809-CF8-2, and SMFM201809-CF8-3-showed high cytotoxicity and differences in cell adhesion. These isolates were selected to identify virulence factors and genomic variations. All three isolates had the same virulence factors, such as adherence, secretion system, and toxin. In addition, amino acid variants were identified in the regions of type IV pilus, T3SS1 and T3SS1 secreted effectors, and thermolabile hemolysin. These results indicate that variations in amino acids found in regions related to adherence and cytotoxicity result in differences in adhesion efficiency and cytotoxicity; therefore, the isolates with these variations may cause more serious foodborne illness compared with other strains. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Food Standard Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yukyung Choi
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Hyemin Oh
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yewon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yeongeun Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Joohyun Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jimyeong Ha
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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21
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Abioye OE, Osunla AC, Okoh AI. Molecular Detection and Distribution of Six Medically Important Vibrio spp. in Selected Freshwater and Brackish Water Resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617703. [PMID: 34149632 PMCID: PMC8208477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Water resources contaminated with pathogenic Vibrio species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed and developing countries over the decades. The present study assessed the prevalence of six medically significant Vibrio species in some water resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa for 12 months. We detected vibrios in all the 194 water samples analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in freshwater samples was 34, 19, 9, 2, 3, and 2%, and that in brackish water samples was 44, 28, 10, 7, 46, and 51%, respectively. The population of the presumptive Vibrio spp. isolated from freshwater (628) and brackish water (342) samples that were confirmed by PCR was 79% (497/628) and 85% (291/342), respectively. Twenty-two percent of the PCR-confirmed Vibrio isolates from freshwater (n = 497) samples and 41% of the PCR-confirmed Vibrio isolates from brackish water samples (n = 291) fall among the Vibrio species of interest. The incidences of V. cholerae, V. mimicus, V. fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus amidst these Vibrio spp. of interest that were recovered from freshwater samples were 75, 14, 4, 6, 1, and 1%, whereas those from brackish water samples were 24, 7, 3, 3, 47, and 18%, respectively. Our observation during the study suggests pollution as the reason for the unusual isolation of medically important vibrios in winter. Correlation analysis revealed that temperature drives the frequency of isolation, whereas salinity drives the composition of the targeted Vibrio species at our sampling sites. The finding of the study is of public health importance going by the usefulness of the water resources investigated. Although controlling and preventing most of the factors that contribute to the prevalence of medically important bacteria, such as Vibrio species, at the sampling points might be difficult, regular monitoring for creating health risk awareness will go a long way to prevent possible Vibrio-related infection outbreaks at the sampling sites and their immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatayo E Abioye
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Charles Osunla
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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22
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De Silva LADS, Wickramanayake MVKS, Heo GJ. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance potential of Aeromonas spp. associated with shellfish. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:176-186. [PMID: 33891720 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are associated with seafood-related outbreaks worldwide. In seafood industry, shellfish play a major role in global seafood production. With this emerging trend of shellfish consumption, shellfish-related bacterial infections are being reported frequently. Aeromonas spp. are natural contaminants found in shellfish. Although 36 species have been identified, some species including Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria have dragged major attention as foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The ability to elaborate a variety of virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. contributes to the pathogenic activities. Also, emerging antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas spp. has become a huge challenge in seafood industry. Furthermore, multidrug resistance increases the risk of consumer health. Studies have supplied pieces of evidence about the emerging health risk of Aeromonas spp. isolated from seafood. Therefore, the present review was intended to highlight the prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from various types of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A D S De Silva
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - M V K S Wickramanayake
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - G-J Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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23
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Elnahla A, Attia AS, Toraih E, Guidry C, Akkera M, Schroll R, Killackey M, Nichols R, Kandil E. Prognostic Factors of Mortality in Vibrio vulnificus Sepsis and Soft Tissue Infections: Meta-Analysis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2021; 22:928-939. [PMID: 33970025 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2020.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vibrio vulnificus is a rare but life-threatening infection that effects the population near warm coastal areas. This infection could be fulminant and rapidly progress to severe sepsis and necrotizing soft tissue infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to saving patients' lives. With multiple studies reporting discrepancies in prognostic factors and different treatment protocols, we aimed through this meta-analysis to assess these factors and protocols and the impact on the outcome of the infection. Materials and Methods: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases by two independent reviewers was reported. Studies evaluating prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of Vibrio vulnificus infections were included. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 3.0 was used. Results: Two hundred eleven studies were identified. Of those, eight studies met our inclusion criteria. The following factors on presentation were associated with higher mortality rates; concomitant liver disease (odds ratio [OR], 4.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.43-7.87; p < 0.001), renal disease (OR, 3.90; 95% CI, 1.37-11.12; p = 0.011), septic shock (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.84-4.31; p < 0.001), higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.26-5.12; p < 0.001), elevated band cells count (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.13-6.0; p = 0.024), hypoalbuminemia (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.58-7.35; p = 0.002), and infection involving multiple limbs (OR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.72-11.07; p = 0.002). Interestingly, different antibiotic regimens did not have any impact on outcomes, however, delayed surgical intervention after the first 12 or 24 hours was associated with higher mortality rates (OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.39-5.0; p = 0.003 and OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.54-5.78; p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The presence of liver or renal disease, higher APACHE II scores, septic shock, hypoalbuminemia, or elevated band cell on presentation should alert the physician to the higher risk of mortality. Different antibiotic regimens did not impact the outcomes in these patients and delayed surgical intervention is associated with worsening of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eman Toraih
- Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emad Kandil
- Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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24
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Rouse NM, Counihan KL, Goertz CEC, Duddleston KN. Competency of common northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) prey items to harbor Streptococcus lutetiensis and S. phocae. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 143:69-78. [PMID: 33570041 DOI: 10.3354/dao03562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus lutetiensis and S. phocae have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality in northern sea otters Enhydra lutris kenyoni in Alaska, USA, but the route and mechanism(s) of transmission remain unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the competence of common northern sea otter prey to harbor 2 species of pathogenic Streptococcus bacteria. Prey items (bay mussels Mytilus trossulus, butter clams Saxidomus giganteus, Dungeness crab Metacarcinus magister and black turban snails Tegula funebralis) were exposed to known concentrations of exponential phase cultures of S. lutetiensis and S. phocae in seawater for 24 h. A quantitative PCR assay was developed targeting the sodA gene of both S. lutetiensis and S. phocae to quantify DNA in the prey samples. Results (mean ± SD) revealed that butter clams had the highest concentration of bacteria (4.32 × 107 ± 8.20 × 106 CFU ml-1 of S. lutetiensis, 1.20 × 108 ± 2.08 × 107 CFU ml-1 of S. phocae), followed by mussels (4.26 × 107 ± 1.66 × 107 CFU ml-1, 1.16 × 108 ± 5.39 × 107 CFU ml-1), snails (1.90 × 107 ± 5.26 × 106 CFU ml-1, 5.97 × 107 ± 2.07 × 107 CFU ml-1) and crab (1.46 × 107 ± 0 CFU ml-1, 1.64 × 107 ± 0 CFU ml-1). All prey species harbored higher concentrations of S. phocae than S. lutetiensis.
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25
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Ricardo F, Mamede R, Bispo R, Santos A, Ferreira da Silva E, Patinha C, Calado R. Cost-efficiency improvement of bivalves shells preparation when tracing their geographic origin through ICP-MS analysis of elemental fingerprints. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Vibrio is a large and diverse genus of bacteria, of which most are nonpathogenic species found in the aquatic environment. However, a subset of the Vibrio genus includes several species that are highly pathogenic, either to humans or to aquatic animals. In recent years, Danio rerio, commonly known as the zebrafish, has emerged as a major animal model used for studying nearly every aspect of biology, including infectious diseases. Zebrafish are especially useful because the embryos are transparent, larvae are small and facilitate imaging studies, and numerous transgenic fish strains have been constructed. Zebrafish models for several pathogenic Vibrio species have been described, and indeed a fish model is highly relevant for the study of aquatic bacterial pathogens. Here, we summarize the zebrafish models that have been used to study pathogenic Vibrio species to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dustin A Farr
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison G Walton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Withey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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27
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Yuan Y, Feng Z, Wang J. Vibrio vulnificus Hemolysin: Biological Activity, Regulation of vvhA Expression, and Role in Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599439. [PMID: 33193453 PMCID: PMC7644469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) hemolysin (VVH) is a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC). Although there has been some debate surrounding the in vivo virulence effects of the VVH, it is becoming increasingly clear that it drives different cellular outcomes and is involved in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus. This minireview outlines recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of vvhA gene expression, the biological activity of the VVH and its role in pathogenesis. An in-depth examination of the role of the VVH in V. vulnificus pathogenesis will help reveal the potential targets for therapeutic and preventive interventions to treat fatal V. vulnificus septicemia in humans. Future directions in VVH research will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
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28
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Yang X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Shen H, Jiang G, Dong J, Zhao P, Gao S. A Real-Time Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of Vibrio vulnificus in Seafood. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586981. [PMID: 33240242 PMCID: PMC7677453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important foodborne pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus gives a significant threat to food safety and public health. Rapid and accurate detection methods for V. vulnificus are required to control its spread. The conventional detection methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, while the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- and quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based methods are limited because of their dependence on laboratory equipment. Nucleic acid isothermal amplification technologies have been applied to develop simpler assays. In this study, a rapid detection method based on real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) targeting the extracellular metalloprotease (empV) gene of V. vulnificus has been established. The method finished the detection in 2–14 min at 39°C with good specificity. The limit of detection was 17 gene copies or 1 colony-forming unit (CFU) per reaction, or 1 CFU/10 g of spiked food with enrichment. In a clinical sample detection test, the results of real-time RPA were 100% consistent with bioassay and qPCR. Moreover, the method could resist the effect of food matrix and could tolerate crude templates. The real-time RPA method established in this study is rapid and simple and has the potential to be widely applied for V. vulnificus detection in food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, China
| | - Ge Jiang
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Song Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
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29
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Yang X, Zhao P, Dong Y, Chen S, Shen H, Jiang G, Zhu H, Dong J, Gao S. An isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification and lateral flow strip combined method for rapid on-site detection of Vibrio vulnificus in raw seafood. Food Microbiol 2020; 98:103664. [PMID: 33875195 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an important foodborne pathogenic bacterium that mainly contaminates seafood. Rapid and accurate technologies that suitable for on-site detection are critical for effective control of its spreading. Conventional detection methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based and qPCR-based approaches have application limitations in on-site scenarios. Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology was a good step towards the on-site detection. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based detection method for V. vulnificus was developed combining with lateral flow strip (LFS) for visualized signal. The method targeted the conservative empV gene encoding the extracellular metalloproteinase, and finished detection in 35 min at a conveniently low temperature of 37 °C. It showed good specificity and an excellent sensitivity of 2 copies of the genome or 10-1 colony forming unit (CFU) per reaction, or 1 CFU/10 g in spiked food samples with enrichment. The method tolerated unpurified templates directly from sample boiling, which added the convenience of the overall procedure. Application of the RPA-LFS method for clinical samples showed accurate and consistent detection results compared to bioassay and quantitative PCR. This RPA-LFS combined method is well suited for on-site detection of V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Ge Jiang
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
| | - Song Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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30
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The Circulation of Type F Clostridium perfringens among Humans, Sewage, and Ruditapes philippinarum (Asari Clams). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080669. [PMID: 32824805 PMCID: PMC7459516 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen that is responsible for gastroenteritis; the causative agent for the symptoms is C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), which is mainly produced by type F C. perfringens. Since shellfishes may gather C. perfringens in the water environment, this study estimated the potential circulation of type F C. perfringens among humans, sewage, and Ruditapes philippinarum (asari clams) as a result of sewage pollution. A comparison of the characteristics among the isolates from 86 sewage influents, 36 effluents, 76 asari clams, and 37 humans was conducted. Serotyping, cpe genotyping, and toxin genotyping showed that C. perfringens with a plasmid IS1151 sequence downstream of cpe was predominant among sewage influents, effluents, humans, and asari clams. Multilocus sequence typing suggested that some isolates from a human, sewage influents, effluents, and asari clams were linked to each other. These results demonstrated that asari clams are the necessary infection sources of C. perfringens responsible for carriers and foodborne diseases, and that these pathogens from humans infected by asari clams can pollute the water environment. It is useful to assess bacteria such as C. perfringens isolates from sewage to estimate the trend of those from the community.
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31
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Tomenchok LE, Gidley ML, Mena KD, Ferguson AC, Solo-Gabriele HM. Children's Abrasions in Recreational Beach Areas and a Review of Possible Wound Infections. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114060. [PMID: 32517246 PMCID: PMC7313077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Beach Exposure and Child Health Study (BEACHES) quantified the behavior of children at recreational beach areas to evaluate how various behaviors might affect their exposure to environmental contaminants such as bacteria and chemicals. Due to limited information in the study about abrasions, we conducted a literature review to examine how marine bacteria cause infections in open wounds. The literature review revealed possible adverse health effects from the bacterium Vibrio vulnificus due to its increasing prevalence and the severity of infection. We used data from the BEACHES study to review children's behavior and their susceptibility to abrasions. Children six years of age and younger were evaluated before and after 1 hour of play for open or healing abrasions at two beaches in Miami-Dade County, Florida (Crandon and Haulover), and two beaches in Galveston County, Texas (Stewart and Seawall). The children were videotaped to monitor their activities and to determine the behavior that would increase their susceptibility to obtaining abrasions. Overall, 58.2% of the children had at least one existing abrasion before playing at the beach, while 8.2% of the children acquired a new abrasion during their time at the beach. Children who acquired new abrasions most often played in the sea water, with new abrasions most frequently occurring on exposed skin surfaces such as the knees. Proper wound care before and after visiting the beach should be encouraged to minimize the risk of bacterial infection, especially considering the possible detrimental impacts that can be caused by some bacterial pathogens through wound exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Tomenchok
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Maribeth L. Gidley
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA;
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Kristina D. Mena
- School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Alesia C. Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Helena M. Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-284-2908
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Patanasatienkul T, Greenwood SJ, McClure J, Davidson J, Gardner I, Sanchez J. Bayesian risk assessment model of human cryptosporidiosis cases following consumption of raw Eastern oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Hillsborough River system in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 19:e00079. [PMID: 32258447 PMCID: PMC7109418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. has been associated with foodborne infectious disease outbreaks; however, it is unclear to what extent raw oyster consumption poses a risk to public health. Control of Cryptosporidium in shellfish harvest seawater in Canada is not mandatory and, despite relay/depuration processes, the parasite can remain viable in oysters for at least a month (depending on initial loads and seawater characteristics). Risks of human infection and illness from exposure to oysters contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts were assessed in a Bayesian framework. Two data sets were used: counts of oocysts in oysters harvested in Approved, Restricted, and Prohibited zones of the Hillsborough River system; and oocyst elimination rate from oysters exposed to oocysts in laboratory experiments. A total of 20 scenarios were assessed according to number of oysters consumed in a single serving (1, 10 and 30) and different relay times. The median probability of infection and developing cryptosporidiosis (e.g. illness) due to the consumption of raw oysters in Prince Edward Island was zero for all scenarios. However, the 95th percentiles ranged from 2% to 81% and from 1% to 59% for probability of infection and illness, respectively. When relay times were extended from 14 to 30 days and 10 oysters were consumed in one serving from the Restricted zones, these probabilities were reduced from 35% to 16% and from 15% to 7%, respectively. The 14-day relay period established by Canadian authorities for harvesting in Restricted zones seems prudent, though insufficient, as this relay period has been shown to be enough to eliminate fecal coliforms but not Cryptosporidium oocysts, which can remain viable in the oyster for over a month. Extending relay periods of 14 and 21 days for oysters harvested in Restricted zones to 30 days is likely insufficient to substantially decrease the probability of infection and illness. The highest risk was found for oysters that originated in Prohibited zones. Our findings suggest that Cryptosporidium oocysts are a potential cause of foodborne infection and illness when consuming raw oysters from Hillsborough River, one of the most important oyster production bays on Prince Edward Island. We discuss data gaps and limitations of this work in order to identify future research that can be used to reduce the uncertainties in predicted risks.
Risk of infection and illness of cryptosporidiosis in humans by consuming raw oysters from PEI is likely to be negligible. Depuration time of 14 days might not be enough to reduce Cryptosporidium oocysts contamination in oysters in bays of PEI. More field data need to be obtained to reduce uncertainties in predicted risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiwan Patanasatienkul
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Spencer J. Greenwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - J.T. McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - Jeff Davidson
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
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Bozcal E, Dagdeviren M. Bacterial metagenome analysis of Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from Istanbul and Izmir coastal stations of Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:186. [PMID: 32072329 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mytilus galloprovincialis is a marine mollusk belonging to the Bivalvia class. It has been distributed largely in Turkish shores and worldwide aquatic environments. Besides being known as an environmental pollution indicator, it is highly consumed as a food and has a high economic value. Due to their nutritional mechanisms by filtering water, they are affected by pollution in seawater and mussels can host-microbial diversity of environmental origin as well as pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, in this study, bacterial species found in Mediterranean mussels collected from the coastal stations of Istanbul [Rumeli Kavagi (RK), Kucukcekmece (KC)], and Izmir [(Foca (MF), Urla (MU)] were investigated and compared with microbiological and metagenomic analyses. According to microbiological analysis results, 34 mussel-associated Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae family members were identified. As a result of the culture-independent metagenomic analysis, taxonomic groups for each station were identified and compared based on Operational Taxonomic Unit data. For all stations, the most abundant bacterial genera were the unclassified bacterial genera. The total number of mussel-related total richness identified in all groups was 4889 (RK = 1605; KC = 1930; MF = 1508; and MU = 1125). According to the metagenomic data obtained in this study, different relative amounts of Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidetes taxa groups were reported for all stations. The pathogenic bacterial genera identified by metagenomic analyses which may be significant for the public health are Arcobacter, Clostridium, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Escherichia_Shigella, Klebsiella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Morganella, Serratia, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Yersinia, Mycoplasma, Brucellaceae_unclassified, Pantoea, and Proteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Bozcal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melih Dagdeviren
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35040, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) enrichment to streams, lakes, and estuaries is increasing throughout the United States. P loading is typically viewed from a harmful algal bloom perspective; if added P causes excess growths of phytoplankton or macroalgae, it may become targeted for control. However, P loading also contributes to two other non–algae-based aquatic problems. Field and experimental evidence shows that P loading directly stimulates growth of aquatic bacteria, which can increase to concentrations that exert a significant biochemical oxygen demand on water bodies, contributing to hypoxia, a widespread impairment. Experimental evidence also demonstrates that fecal bacterial growth can be significantly stimulated by P loading, increasing health risks through exposure or the consumption of contaminated shellfish and causing economic losses from beach and shellfish area closures. Resource managers need to look beyond algal bloom stimulation and should consider the broader roles that excess P loading can have on ecosystem function and microbiological safety for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mallin
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Lawrence B Cahoon
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
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35
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Sangadkit W, Weeranoppanant N, Thipayarat A. An integrated enrichment-detection platform for identification of contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in food samples. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Shelf-life of shucked oyster in epigallocatechin-3-gallate with slightly acidic electrolyzed water washing under refrigeration temperature. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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37
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Biessy L, Boundy MJ, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Hawes I, Wood SA. Tetrodotoxin in marine bivalves and edible gastropods: A mini-review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124404. [PMID: 31545201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin responsible for countless human intoxications and deaths around the world. The distribution of TTX and its analogues is diverse and the toxin has been detected in organisms from both marine and terrestrial environments. Increasing detections seafood species, such as bivalves and gastropods, has drawn attention to the toxin, reinvigorating scientific interest and regulatory concerns. There have been reports of TTX in 21 species of bivalves and edible gastropods from ten countries since the 1980's. While TTX is structurally dissimilar to saxitoxin (STX), another neurotoxin detected in seafood, it has similar sodium channel blocking action and potency and both neurotoxins have been shown to have additive toxicities. The global regulatory level for the STX group toxins applied to shellfish is 800 μg/kg. The presence of TTX in shellfish is only regulated in one country; The Netherlands, with a regulatory level of 44 μg/kg. Due to the recent interest surrounding TTX in bivalves, the European Food Safety Authority established a panel to assess the risk and regulation of TTX in bivalves, and their final opinion was that a concentration below 44 μg of TTX per kg of shellfish would not result in adverse human effects. In this article, we review current knowledge on worldwide TTX levels in edible gastropods and bivalves over the last four decades, the different methods of detection used, and the current regulatory status. We suggest research needs that will assist with knowledge gaps and ultimately allow development of robust monitoring and management protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | | | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
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D'Souza C, Kumar BK, Rai P, Deekshit VK, Karunasagar I. Application of gyrB targeted SYBR green based qPCR assay for the specific and rapid detection of Vibrio vulnificus in seafood. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 166:105747. [PMID: 31639359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A SYBR green based qPCR assay targeting a unique region of gyrB was developed for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus. The specificity of the assay was studied using V. vulnificus and other bacterial strains belonging to Vibrio and non-Vibrio species. The assay unambiguously distinguished V.vulnificus with a sensitivity of 101 CFU/mL in pure culture while 102CFU/g was detected in clam meat homogenate with an efficiency of ≥98%.The utility of the qPCR assay was validated with naturally incurred seafood samples, where 24 out of 59(40.67%) seafood samples tested positive for V. vulnificus after 6-8 h enrichment in APW-P broth. In contrast, conventional PCR could detect only 11 samples (18.64%). Our results showed that qPCR assay developed in this study could be used as a rapid method for screening seafood samples for the presence of V. vulnificus, as the assay can be completed within 9-12 h including the enrichment of seafood in APW-P broth. The gyrB targeted qPCR developed in this study can provide excellent results on the presence and load of V. vulnificus in naturally contaminated samples quickly and efficiently; thus it could find application as a routine test in the seafood industry for the analysis V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D'Souza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Praveen Rai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Deekshit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
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Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin induces inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages through calcium signaling and causes inflammation in vivo. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103789. [PMID: 31605759 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a food-borne marine pathogen that causes both life-threatening primary septicemia and necrotizing wound infections which accompany severe inflammation. Cytolysin is a very powerful virulence factor of V. vulnificus and is one of the likely candidates in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus infections. However, the pathogenetic roles of cytolysin in V. vulnificus-induced inflammation are not well understood. In this study, we used the recombinant protein Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) to demonstrate that VVC can induce inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. Low dose (<5 μg/ml) VVC had no impact on cell viability and induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 macrophages such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, VVC induced p65, p38, ERK1/2, and AKT phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophages. We further demonstrated that BAPTA-AM, a specific intracellular calcium chelator, inhibited VVC-induced inflammatory responses including pro-inflammatory cytokines production and inflammatory signaling activation in RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, VVC primed rather than actived NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 macrophages. To determine whether VVC have a direct inflammatory effect on the host, we examined the effects of VVC injected into the skin of mice. VVC stimulated a significant induction of mRNAs for the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and inflammatory chemokines such as MCP-1 and IP-10. Histology data also showed that VVC caused inflammatory responses in the skin of mice. Collectively, our findings indicated that VVC induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages and in vivo and suggested the possibility of targeting VVC as a strategy for the clinical management of V. vulnificus-induced inflammatory responses.
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40
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Kingsley DH, Chen H, Annous BA, Meade GK. Evaluation of a Male-Specific DNA Coliphage Persistence Within Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:120-125. [PMID: 30919239 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Male-specific coliphages (MSCs) are currently used to assess the virologic quality of shellfish-growing waters and to assess the impact of sewage release or adverse weather events on bivalve shellfish. Since MSC can have either DNA or RNA genomes, and most research has been performed exclusively on RNA MSCs, persistence of M13, a DNA MSC, was evaluated for its persistence as a function of time and temperature within Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Oysters were individually exposed to seawater containing a total of 1010 to 1012 pfu of M13 for 24 h at 15 °C followed by maintenance in tanks with as many as 21 oysters in continuously UV-sterilized water for up to 6 weeks at either 7, 15, or 22 °C. Two trials for each temperature were performed combining three shucked oysters per time point which were assayed by tenfold serial dilution in triplicate. Initial contamination levels averaged 106.9 and ranged from 106.0 to 107.0 of M13. For oysters held for 3 weeks, log10 reductions were 1.7, 3.8, and 4.2 log10 at 7, 15, and 22 °C, respectively. Oysters held at 7 and 15 °C for 6 weeks showed average reductions of 3.6 and 5.1 log10, respectively, but still retained infectious M13. In total, this work shows that DNA MSC may decline within shellfish in a manner analogous to RNA MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- ARS, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2150, USA
| | - Bassam A Annous
- ARS, ERRC, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Gloria K Meade
- ARS, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
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41
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Kim YC, Kwon WJ, Min JG, Kim KI, Jeong HD. Complete genome sequence and pathogenic analysis of a new betanodavirus isolated from shellfish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:519-531. [PMID: 30694526 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined the complete genomic RNA sequence of a new type of betanodavirus Korea shellfish nervous necrosis virus (KSNNV) isolated from shellfish. Compared with other isolates representing four genotypes of betanodaviruses, the identity of the whole nucleotide sequence of the virus was in the range of 76%-83% with the presence of specific genetic motifs and formed a separate new branch in the phylogenetic analysis. In pathogenic analysis by immersion method, KSNNV-KOR1 shows 100% cumulative mortality like SFRG10/2012BGGa1 (RGNNV) in newly hatched sevenband grouper and mandarin fish, which is clearly different from those found in negative control groups. There were no significant differences in increasing rates of mortality and viral intra-tissue concentration of larval fishes infected with KSNNV-KOR1 at both 20 and 25°C water temperature. Histopathological examination of each fish species in the moribund stage revealed the presence of clear vacuoles in both brain and retinal tissues similar to typical histopathology features of RGNNV. In the present study, we first report a new betanodavirus from shellfish as the aetiological agent of viral nervous necrosis disease in fish with complete genomic nucleotide sequence and pathogenic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chul Kim
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Woo Ju Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Joon Gyu Min
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Pathology Research Division, Aquaculture Research Department, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Do Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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42
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Patra P, Mohandass C, Chakraborty P. Snapshot of environmental condition in different tropical estuarine systems by using S. cucullata (an edible oyster) as bio-indicator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11342-11354. [PMID: 30798497 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of toxic metals and indigenous bacteria in oyster, (Saccostrea cucullata) and their impact on antioxidant enzyme activities in the biological system was studied and used to provide snapshot of environmental condition in different tropical estuarine systems. The sedimentary Cd, Pb, and Hg concentration varied from 0.1 to 1.8, 22.0 to 98.0, and 0.03 to 0.11 mg kg-1 (dry wt.) respectively. The bioaccumulated Cd, Pb, and Hg concentration in the oysters ranged from 3.6 to 9.0, 0.03 to 8.0, and 0.06 to 0.1 mg kg-1 (dry wt.) respectively. In the oyster, the Cd concentration was well above the safe limit whereas the Pb and Hg concentrations were below the safe limit recommended by the European Commission (EC No. 1881/2006) for human consumption. The MPN value in the raw oyster for fecal coliforms (33-110 × 103/100 g) exceeded the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved limits. Increase in antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase, and metallothionein) activities with increasing pollutants loading was observed. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in the oyster were found to be very useful tool for evaluating environmental condition in any tropical estuarine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prantick Patra
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Chellandi Mohandass
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography-Regional Centre, Mumbai, 400 053, India.
| | - Parthasarathi Chakraborty
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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43
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De Silva BCJ, Hossain S, Dahanayake PS, Kang T, Heo G. Vibriospp. from Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) demonstrating virulence properties and antimicrobial resistance. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. C. J. De Silva
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National University Cheongju South Korea
| | - Sabrina Hossain
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National University Cheongju South Korea
| | - P. S. Dahanayake
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National University Cheongju South Korea
| | - Tae‐Myung Kang
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National University Cheongju South Korea
| | - Gang‐Joon Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National University Cheongju South Korea
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44
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Protocol standardization for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 298:31-38. [PMID: 30903916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalve shellfish are of public health interest because they can accumulate pollutants in their tissues. As they are usually consumed raw or lightly cooked, they are considered to be a possible source of foodborne infections, including giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis. Although data indicating contamination of shellfish with Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts have been published, comparing results from different studies is difficult, as there is no standardized protocol for the detection and quantification of these parasites in mussels, and different researchers have used different analytical approaches. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the most sensitive protocol for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in shellfish. In an effort to test the sensitivity and the detection limits of the protocol, every step of the process was investigated, from initial preparation of the mussel matrix through detection of the parasites. Comparative studies were conducted, including several methods previously applied by other researchers, on commercial mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis spiked with a known number of (oo)cysts of both parasites. As preparation of the mussel matrix plays an important role in the sensitivity of the method, different techniques were tested. These included: (ia) removal of the coarse particles from the matrix with sieving, (ib) extraction of the lipids with diethyl ether, and (ic) artificial digestion of the matrix with pepsin digestion solution, and (ii) the use or not of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for the concentration of the (oo)cysts. Pre-treatment of the mussel homogenate with pepsin digestion solution, followed by IMS, then detection with a direct immunofluorescence assay, achieved the highest sensitivity: 32.1% (SD: 21.1) of Giardia cysts and 61.4% (SD: 26.2) Cryptosporidium oocysts were recovered, with a detection limit of 10 (oo)cysts per g of mussel homogenate. The outcome of the current study was the standardization of a protocol, with defined detection limits, for the detection of these two protozoan transmission stages in mussels, in order to be used as a reference technique in future studies. Further advantages of this protocol are that it uses the whole mussel as a starting material and does not require difficult handling procedures. The method has potential to be applied in larger surveys and, potentially, to other species of shellfish for the detection of these parasites. However, the composition (lipid to protein ratio) may be of relevance for detection efficiency for some other species of shellfish.
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45
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De Silva BCJ, Hossain S, Dahanayake PS, De Zoysa M, Heo GJ. Comparative prevalence and characterization of Vibriospp. isolated from live and frozen white-leg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) in Korean markets. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. C. J. De Silva
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Sabrina Hossain
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - P. S. Dahanayake
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University; Daejeon Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
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46
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Walker DI, Younger A, Stockley L, Baker-Austin C. Escherichia coli testing and enumeration in live bivalve shellfish – Present methods and future directions. Food Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Vibrio is a genus of ubiquitous bacteria found in a wide variety of aquatic and marine habitats; of the >100 described Vibrio spp., ~12 cause infections in humans. Vibrio cholerae can cause cholera, a severe diarrhoeal disease that can be quickly fatal if untreated and is typically transmitted via contaminated water and person-to-person contact. Non-cholera Vibrio spp. (for example, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus) cause vibriosis - infections normally acquired through exposure to sea water or through consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood. Non-cholera bacteria can lead to several clinical manifestations, most commonly mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis, with the exception of V. vulnificus, an opportunistic pathogen with a high mortality that causes wound infections that can rapidly lead to septicaemia. Treatment for Vibrio spp. infection largely depends on the causative pathogen: for example, rehydration therapy for V. cholerae infection and debridement of infected tissues for V. vulnificus-associated wound infections, with antibiotic therapy for severe cholera and systemic infections. Although cholera is preventable and effective oral cholera vaccines are available, outbreaks can be triggered by natural or man-made events that contaminate drinking water or compromise access to safe water and sanitation. The incidence of vibriosis is rising, perhaps owing in part to the spread of Vibrio spp. favoured by climate change and rising sea water temperature.
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48
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Delaware Inland Bays and Market Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica) Quality for Consumption. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/8765149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of raw oysters is known to cause serious health conditions due to bioaccumulation of contaminants. As filter feeders, oysters ingest bacteria along with phytoplankton from their surrounding habitats. Ensuring seafood safety for human consumption is always a concern. Since oysters are consumed raw, disease causing organisms, environmental contaminants, toxins, chemicals, and even physical hazards such as soils and metals retained in the oysters can enter through feeding. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of oysters collected from Delaware Inland Bays (DIB) and compare them with market oysters. Environmental parameters were monitored from local waters of DIB classified as closed versus open for shellfish harvesting. Total aerobic bacteria and vibrio were higher in market oysters during the warmer months, with open water having the least microbial loads. There were no significant differences in total vibrio counts between the study sites (p=0.396), but significant differences were recorded over time (p=0.004). Water temperature and turbidity were directly proportional to total vibrio in oysters, and salinity was inversely related. Research findings in this study may help bring awareness of changes in bacterial loads due to seasonal changes and additional handling and storage.
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49
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Kim YC, Kwon WJ, Min JG, Jeong HD. Isolation and initial characterization of new betanodaviruses in shellfish. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1557-1567. [PMID: 29756336 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Betanodaviruses cause the disease viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in finfish. Using a novel approach with two consecutive PCRs, detection semi-nested two-step RT-PCR (DSN-2 RT-PCR) and discriminative multiplex two-step RT-PCR (DMT-2 RT-PCR), we have identified the presence of a new type of betanodavirus in shellfish and called it Korean shellfish nervous necrosis virus (KSNNV). Partial nucleotide sequences of the T4 region in RNA2 fragment of KSNNVs were 73%-75% homologous to those of other reported genotypes and formed a new cluster of betanodavirus in phylogenetic tree analysis. Successful isolation of KSNNV was achieved in two of six shellfish samples containing high concentrations of virus using the blind passage method, and the typical shapes of betanodavirus were confirmed in KSNNV-KOR1 by electron microscopy. In the experimental infection test, seven of 14 fish species showed susceptibility to KSNNV-KOR1 isolate but without clinical signs or death. Although the range of susceptible host species was not significantly different from the RGNNV type, the concentration of KSNNV in the brain of infected fish (102 -105 copies/mg brain) was much lower compared to that found in sevenband grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus Thunberg) sampled in the moribund stage with RGNNV infection (106 -107 copies/mg brain). However, histopathological analyses showed the presence of multiple vacuoles in brains of all KSNNV-infected fish at 14 days postinjection. In detection test, as a single or multiple type with the other genotype(s) (RGNNV or BFNNV), the prevalence of KSNNV was 8.4% and 8.7% in domestic (62 of 741 samples) and Chinese samples (12 of 138 samples), respectively, but not in finfish. We propose that KSNNVs obtained from shellfish be classified into a separate and new genotype of betanodavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - W J Kwon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - J G Min
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H D Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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50
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Kingsley DH, Chen H, Meade GK. Persistence of MS-2 Bacteriophage Within Eastern Oysters. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:83-88. [PMID: 28831665 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Male-specific bacteriophages have been proposed as human enteric virus indicators for shellfish. In this study, Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were individually exposed to 5.6 × 1010 PFU of MS-2 for 48 h at 15 °C followed by collective maintenance in continuously UV-sterilized seawater for 0-6 weeks at either 7, 15, or 24 °C. Initial contamination levels of MS-2 were >6 log PFU. Assessment of weekly declines of viable MS-2 indicated that cooler temperatures dramatically enhanced the persistence of MS-2 within oyster tissues. At 3 weeks, the average log PFU reductions for MS-2 within oysters were 2.28, 2.90, and 4.57 for oysters held at 7, 15, and 24 °C, respectively. Fitting temporal survival data with linear and nonlinear Weibull models indicated that the Weibull model best fit the observed reductions. In total, these data can serve as a guideline for regulatory agencies regarding the influence of water temperature on indicator phage after episodic sewage exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, James W. W. Baker Center, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2150, USA
| | - Gloria K Meade
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, James W. W. Baker Center, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
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