Copyright
©The Author(s) 2015.
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Sep 27, 2015; 7(9): 185-189
Published online Sep 27, 2015. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v7.i9.185
Published online Sep 27, 2015. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v7.i9.185
Features | Challenges |
Two dimensional vision | Reduced perception of depth |
A disturbed eye-hand-target axis | Decreases ergonomy and dexterity |
Long and inflexible instruments | Natural hand tremor magnified |
Rigid instruments with five degrees of freedom | Decreased dexterity and range of motion |
Fixed abdominal entry points | Limited freedom of motion and movement of the instrument: The fulcrum effect |
Camera instability | Increased fatigue |
Limited tactile feedback | Decreases dexterity |
Type of simulator | Main features |
Box trainers | Low-cost, portable, can be used repatedly by multiple users. Used to teach basic laparoscopic skills: hand-eye coordination, cutting, suturing, bimanual dexterity. Provide sensory feedback |
Requires direct observation and supervision by a trainer | |
Virtual reality simulators | Record several procedure metrics providing feedback to trainees. Recording of training performance for objective evidence of skill performance. Minor degree of sensory feedback and higher initial are the main disadvantages |
Hybrid models | Reduced costs compared to cadaveric models. Questionable value of a training model with an alternative structure |
Animal and human cadaveric models | Best anatomic and clinical-like model. Avaibility is limited and their use is expensive. Require operative facilities and a funeral service |
- Citation: Celentano V. Need for simulation in laparoscopic colorectal surgery training. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2015; 7(9): 185-189
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v7/i9/185.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v7.i9.185