Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Standard treatment (n = 48)	TIPS (n = 29)	P value
Gender, n (%)			0.269
Male	43 (89.6)	28 (96.6)
Female	5 (10.4)	1 (3.4)
Age, year, mean ± SD	55.8 ± 11.2	49.1 ± 12.0	0.015
ECOG PS, n (%)			0.149
0	34 (70.8)	17 (58.6)
1	2 (4.2)	5 (17.2)
2	12 (25.0)	7 (24.1)
Hepatitis, n (%)	42 (87.5)	26 (89.7)	0.775
Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)			0.864
No	44 (91.8)	26 (89.7)
Mild	2 (4.2)	2 (6.9)
Moderate and severe	2 (4.2)	1 (3.4)
Ascites, n (%)			0.540
No	2 (4.2)	2 (6.9)
Little	9 (18.8)	8 (27.6)
Moderate and severe	37 (77.1)	19 (65.5)
Blood transfusion, n (%)	24 (50.0)	11 (37.9)	0.192
Hemostatic drugs, n (%)			0.290
None	24 (50.0)	12 (41.4)
Somatostatin	4 (8.3)	2 (6.9)
Octreotide	23 (47.9)	15 (51.7)
Terlipressin	0	3 (10.3)
Endoscopic treatment, n (%)			0.733
None	15 (31.3)	10 (34.5)
Ligation	27 (56.3)	16 (55.2)
Sclerosing agent	7 (14.6)	6 (20.7)
Tissue colloid	12 (25.0)	8 (27.6)
EGV classification, n (%)			0.862
EV	17 (35.4)	12 (41.4)
EGV1	15 (31.3)	7 (24.1)
EGV2	8 (16.7)	6 (20.7)
Others	8 (16.7)	4 (13.8)
Red-color sign, n (%)	44 (91.7)	26 (89.7)	0.766
EGV degree, n (%)			0.279
Moderate	3 (6.3)	3 (10.3)
Severe	31 (64.6)	22 (75.9)
Untyped	14 (29.2)	4 (13.8)
APVF, n (%)	2 (4.2)	3 (10.3)	0.286
CTPV, n (%)	10 (20.8)	9 (31.0)	0.314
Tumor lesion number, n (%)			0.934
1	17 (35.4)	10 (34.5)
≥ 2	31 (64.6)	19 (65.5)
Largest tumor diameter, cm, mean ± SD	87.63 ± 49.25	74.24 ± 39.14	0.264
Extrahepatic metastasis	56.3 (27)	51.7 (15)	0.699
Cheng’s Classification, n (%)			0.279
I-II	13 (27.1)	11 (37.9)
III	28 (58.3)	16 (55.2)
IV	7 (14.6)	2 (6.9)
ALB, g/L, mean ± SD	30.6 ± 5.4	31.5 ± 4.8	0.450
TBIL, μmol/L, mean ± SD	53.1 ± 56.3	30.3 ± 17.0	0.038
INR, mean ± SD	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.2	0.442
PT, mean ± SD	15.7 ± 5.1	15.1 ± 2.0	0.521
Hb, g/L, mean ± SD	92.25 ± 22.33	92.41 ± 23.65	0.976
PLT, g/L, mean ± SD	155.04 ± 93.28	128.17 ± 82.53	0.205
CREA, μmol/L, mean ± SD	80.88 ± 47.46	67.17 ± 16.43	0.138
HCC-related treatment, n (%)	33 (68.8)	26 (89.7)	0.036

TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; ECOG PS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; EGV: Esophagogastric varices; EV: Esophageal varices; APVF: Arterio-portal venous fistulas; CTPV: Cavernous transformation of portal vein; ALB: Albumin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; INR: International normalized ratio; PT: Prothrombin time; Hb: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; CREA: Creatinine; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 2 Main causes of death

Causes of death	OS < 160 days			OS > 160 days
	TIPS (n = 14)	Standard treatment (n = 30)	P value	TIPS (n = 15)	Standard treatment (n = 18)	P value
Rebleeding, n (%)	2 (14.3)	27 (90.0)	< 0.05	1 (6.7)	6 (33.3)	< 0.05
Liver failure or hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)	11 (78.6)	2 (6.7)	< 0.05	11 (73.3)	5 (27.8)	< 0.05
Unknown, n (%)	1 (7.1)	1 (3.3)	> 0.05	3 (20.0)	7 (38.9)	> 0.05

TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; OS: Overall survival.