Establishment and validation of a predictive model for peripherally inserted central catheter-related thrombosis in patients with liver cancer

Table 1 Single factor analysis, n (%)

Variable	n	Thrombus (n = 35)	Non-thrombosis (n = 220)	Statistical value	P value
Age (years)				χ2 = 4.270	0.039
< 60	150	15 (42.86)	135 (61.36)
≥ 60	105	20 (57.14)	85 (38.64)
Sex				χ2 = 4.785	0.029
Male	159	16 (45.71)	143 (65.00)
Female	96	19 (54.29)	77 (35.00)
Educational level				χ2 = 3.062	0.080
Primary and below	104	19 (54.29)	85 (38.64)
Junior high school and above	151	16 (45.71)	135 (61.36)
Hypertension				χ2 = 0.632	0.426
No	154	19 (54.29)	135 (61.36)
Yes	101	16 (45.71)	85 (38.64)
Smoking				χ2 = 0.520	0.471
No	146	22 (62.86)	124 (56.36)
Yes	109	13 (37.14)	96 (43.64)
KPS score (points)				χ2 = 5.022	0.025
≤ 50	186	31 (88.57)	155 (70.45)
> 50	69	4 (11.43)	65 (29.55)
Time in bed (hour/day)				χ2 = 4.935	0.026
≤ 12	146	14 (40.00)	132 (60.00)
> 12	109	21 (60.00)	88 (40.00)
BMI (kg/m2)				χ2 = 0.352	0.553
< 30	99	12 (34.29)	87 (39.55)
≥ 30	156	23 (65.71)	133 (60.45)
Disability of self-care ability				χ2 = 10.737	0.001
No	220	24 (68.57)	196 (89.09)
Yes	35	11 (31.43)	24 (10.91)
Parenteral nutrition				χ2 = 6.068	0.014
No	245	31 (88.57)	214 (97.27)
Yes	10	4 (11.43)	6 (2.73)
Vascularization				χ2 = 6.149	0.105
Venae magnalis	173	20 (57.14)	153 (69.55)
Brachial vein	54	7 (20.00)	47 (21.36)
Cephalic vein	16	5 (14.29)	11 (5.00)
Median vein	12	3 (8.57)	9 (4.09)
Arm				χ2 = 0.832	0.362
Left arm	142	17 (48.57)	125 (56.82)
Right arm	113	18 (51.43)	95 (43.18)
Lumen				χ2 = 0.811	0.368
Single lumen	250	35 (100.00)	215 (97.73)
Bicavate	5	0	5 (2.27)
History of thrombosis				χ2 = 0.483	0.487
No	252	35 (100.00)	217 (98.64)
Yes	3	0	3 (1.36)
PICC catheterization history				χ2 = 3.029	0.082
No	246	32 (91.43)	214 (97.27)
Yes	9	3 (8.57)	6 (2.73)
D-D (mg/L)				χ2 = 0.206	0.650
< 30	111	14 (40.00)	97 (44.09)
≥ 30	144	21 (60.00)	123 (55.91)
Tube time (month)				χ2 = 6.582	0.037
< 1	147	14 (40.00)	133 (60.45)
1-6	96	20 (57.14)	76 (34.55)
> 6	12	1 (2.86)	11 (5.00)
Catheter-related complications				χ2 = 0.209	0.648
No	133	17 (48.57)	116 (52.73)
Yes	122	18 (51.43)	104 (47.27)
Catheter diameter				χ2 = 0.647	0.421
4F	251	35 (100.00)	216 (98.18)
5F	4	0	4 (1.82)
TNM
I-II	133	11 (31.43)	122 (55.45)	χ2 = 6.985	0.008
III-IV	122	24 (68.57)	98 (44.55)
Distant metastasis				χ2 = 10.587	0.001
No	194	19 (54.29)	175 (79.55)
Yes	61	16 (45.71)	45 (20.45)
Myelosuppression				χ2 = 10.610	0.001
No	210	22 (62.86)	188 (85.45)
Yes	45	13 (37.14)	32 (14.55)

KPS: Karnofsky performance status; PICC: Peripherally inserted central catheter; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Variable assignment

Variable	Content	Assign
Y	Whether blood clots	No thrombus = 0, thrombus = 1
X1	Age	< 60 = 0, ≥ 60 = 1
X2	Sex	Male = 0, female = 1
X3	KPS score	> 50 = 0, ≤ 50 = 1
X4	Time in bed	≤ 12 hours/day = 0, > 12 hours/day = 1
X5	Parenteral nutrition	No = 0, yes = 1
X6	Tube time	< 1 = 0, 1-6 = 1, > 6 = 2
X7	TNM staging	I-II = 0, III-IV = 1
X8	Distant metastasis	No = 0, yes = 1
X9	Myelosuppression	No = 0, yes = 1
X10	Disability of self-care ability	No = 0, yes = 1

KPS: Karnofsky performance status; TNM: Body mass index.

Table 3 Multi-factor regression analysis

Factor	B	SE	Wald χ2	P value	OR	95%CI
Constant	11.176	1.675	44.321	< 0.001	0.000	-
Age ≥ 60 years	0.644	0.308	4.342	0.036	1.907	1.038-3.491
KPS score ≤ 50 points	2.261	2.263	4.338	0.038	2.045	1.276-3.899
Parenteral nutrition	2.249	0.791	8.092	0.005	9.467	2.011-43.596
Duration of the tube is from 1 to 6 months	-0.681	0.321	4.556	0.032	0.506	0.271-0.955
Tube time > 6 months	-1.682	0.778	4.681	0.030	0.185	0.042-0.856
Phase III to IV	2.025	2.021	4.349	0.032	2.844	1.865-3.621
Distant metastasis	0.726	0.308	5.556	0.018	2.065	1.131-3.778
Myelosuppression	0.735	0.318	5.298	0.022	2.082	1.114-3.892
Disability of self-care ability	2.633	1.086	5.899	0.016	13.926	1.661-116.254

KPS: Karnofsky performance status; OR: Odds ratio.

Table 4 Value of prediction model for peripherally inserted central catheter-associated thrombosis in inpatients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Index	AUC	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	95%CI	P value
Training set	0.888	90.76	87.77	0.851-0.965	< 0.001
Validation set	0.729	87.89	85.45	0.822-0.942	< 0.001

AUC: Area under the curve.