Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jan 27, 2023; 15(1): 82-93
Published online Jan 27, 2023. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i1.82
Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between proton pump inhibitors and non-proton pump inhibitors groups
Variables
Overall
PPIs
Non-PPIs
P value
No.PtsMedian (range), mean ± SD, or frequency (percentage)No.PtsMedian (range), mean ± SD, or frequency (percentage)No.PtsMedian (range), mean ± SD, or frequency (percentage)
Age (yr)14356.00 (28.00-88.00)8358.00 (30.00-88.00)6054.50 (28.00-79.00)0.089
55.88 ± 11.7757.40 ± 11.8653.78 ± 11.41
Male143104 (72.73%)8361 (73.49%)6043 (71.67%)0.809
HBV infection alone14352 (36.36%)8331 (37.35%)6021 (35.00%)0.773
HCV infection alone14311 (7.69%)834 (4.82%)607 (11.67%)0.202
Alcohol abuse alone14333 (23.08%)8322 (26.51%)6011 (18.33%)0.252
White blood cell (109/L)1413.50 (0.80-19.60)813.60 (0.80-19.60)603.45 (1.00-17.40)0.381
3.99 ± 2.604.15 ± 2.743.78 ± 2.40
Hemoglobin (g/L)14189.00 (48.00-155.00)8183.00 (48.00-155.00)6097.50 (57.00-149.00)0.081
93.21 ± 26.6990.15 ± 27.4897.35 ± 25.23
Platelet count (109/L)14175.00 (15.00-470.00)8176.00 (22.00-268.00)6071.00 (15.00-470.00)0.970
92.58 ± 66.8587.80 ± 52.2899.03 ± 82.61
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)13220.40 (5.60-106.10)7424.35 (7.00-106.10)5816.30 (5.60-96.60)0.006
25.67 ± 18.5328.72 ± 19.9221.78 ± 15.91
Albumin (g/L)13333.40 (20.50-48.70)7531.80 (20.50-45.70)5835.30 (21.80-48.70)0.048
33.21 ± 5.9132.41 ± 5.4834.26 ± 6.32
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)13220.92 (4.47-1465.50)7419.40 (7.57-1465.50)5823.62 (4.47-185.02)0.228
38.52 ± 127.2143.85 ± 168.0531.72 ± 30.61
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)13564.93 (34.51-501.52)7664.52 (34.51-117.66)5965.21 (36.39-501.52)0.591
70.77 ± 42.3166.97 ± 18.7575.68 ± 60.31
Sodium (mmol/L)134138.85 (124.00-151.00)75138.70 (124.00-151.00)59139.00 (133.10-147.70)0.798
138.55 ± 3.38138.49 ± 3.65138.64 ± 3.04
International normalized ratio1351.29 (0.90-2.55)751.29 (0.90-2.55)601.31 (0.92-2.04)0.685
1.36 ± 0.261.37 ± 0.271.35 ± 0.25
MELD score12910.24 (6.65-30.03)7110.51 (6.65-30.03)589.93 (7.14-22.06)0.214
11.44 ± 3.7811.75 ± 4.0311.05 ± 3.45
Child-Pugh score1306.00 (5.00-12.00)727.00 (5.00-12.00)586.00 (5.00-10.00)0.388
6.76 ± 1.596.89 ± 1.686.60 ± 1.47
Child-Pugh class
A66 (50.77%)35 (48.61%)31 (53.45%)
B13057 (43.85%)7232 (44.44%)5825 (43.10%)0.709
C7 (5.38%)5 (6.94%)2 (3.45%)
Ascites14375 (52.45%)8345 (54.22%)6030 (50.00%)0.618
Jaundice13212 (9.09%)749 (12.16%)583 (5.17%)0.166
Hepatic encephalopathy1431 (0.70%)830 (0.00%)601 (1.67%)0.420
Portal venous system thrombosis9039 (43.33%)5525 (45.45%)3514 (40.00%)0.611
Hepatocellular carcinoma14310 (6.99%)836 (7.23%)604 (6.67%)1.000
Table 2 Comparison of endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcomes between proton pump inhibitors and non-proton pump inhibitors groups
Variables
Overall

PPIs

Non-PPIs

P value
No.PtsFrequency (percentage)No.PtsFrequency (percentage)No.PtsFrequency (percentage)
Grade of esophageal varices
Mild27 (19.01%)14 (17.07%)13 (21.67%)
Moderate14235 (24.65%)8221 (25.61%)6014 (23.33%)0.783
Severe80 (56.34%)47 (57.32%)33 (55.00%)
Red sign of esophageal varices14398 (68.53%)8357 (68.67%)6041 (68.33%)0.965
Active bleeding1435 (3.50%)835 (6.02%)600 (0.00%)0.074
Indication of EVT
Treatment56 (39.16%)34 (40.96%)22 (36.67%)
Primary prophylaxis14311 (7.69%)8310 (12.05%)601 (1.67%)0.035
Secondary prophylaxis76 (53.15%)39 (46.99%)37 (61.67%)
Type of EVT
EVL80 (55.94%)46 (55.42%)34 (56.67%)
ECGI14 (9.79%)6 (7.23%)8 (13.33%)
EIS1436 (4.20%)834 (4.82%)602 (3.33%)0.799
EVL+ECGI41 (28.67%)25 (30.12%)16 (26.67%)
EIS+ECGI1 (0.70%)1 (1.20%)0 (0.00%)
EVL+ECGI+EIS1 (0.70%)1 (1.20%)0 (0.00%)
PPIs before the index EVT14366 (46.15%)8342 (50.60%)6024 (40.00%)0.209
Vasoactive drugs after the index EVT14338 (26.57%)8327 (32.53%)6011 (18.33%)0.058
Post-EVT GIB1437 (4.90%)833 (3.61%)604 (6.67%)0.453
Other post-EVT complications14367 (46.85%)8337 (44.58%)6030 (50.00%)0.521