Indocyanine green fluorescence in gastrointestinal surgery: Appraisal of current evidence

Figure 1 Annual publication trend of articles related to indocyanine green fluorescence.

Figure 2 Country-wise publication trend of articles related to indocyanine green fluorescence.

Figure 3 Negative indocyanine green staining technique used in a patient with hilar cholangiocarcinoma planned for right hepatectomy with caudate lobectomy. A: Portal and hepatic artery branches of the right hemiliver to be resected are ligated; B: Line of transection for right hepatectomy identified with the help of indocyanine green fluorescence.

Figure 4 Identification of bile duct during robotic duodenum preserving pancreas head resection. A: Pancreatic duct (arrow) divided at its junction with the bile duct; B: Indocyanine green fluorescence demonstrates bile duct.

Figure 5 Visualization of the thoracic duct. A and B: Visualization of the thoracic duct during robotic esophagectomy in normal mode (A) is enhanced by indocyanine green fluorescence (B); C: The branching pattern of the thoracic duct is well visualized in fluorescence mode.

Figure 6 Visualization of perigastric lymph node during robotic D2 gastrectomy in normal mode and fluorescence mode. A: In normal mode; B: In fluorescence mode.

Figure 7 Objective evaluation of colonic perfusion using indocyanine green fluorescence during low anterior resection. A and B: Increasing fluorescence levels show the transition from blue (A) to red (B) and guide the selection of the line of bowel division; C: Fluorescence is displayed on a Grayscale; D: Fluorescence displayed in overlay mode.