Merola E, Michielan A, Rozzanigo U, Erini M, Sferrazza S, Marcucci S, Sartori C, Trentin C, de Pretis G, Chierichetti F. Therapeutic strategies for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: State-of-the-art and future perspectives. World J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 14(2): 78-106 [PMID: 35317548 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i2.78]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Elettra Merola, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Largo Medaglie D’Oro 9, Trento 38122, Italy. elettra.merola@apss.tn.it
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Frontier
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Gastrointest Surg. Feb 27, 2022; 14(2): 78-106 Published online Feb 27, 2022. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i2.78
Therapeutic strategies for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: State-of-the-art and future perspectives
Elettra Merola, Andrea Michielan, Umberto Rozzanigo, Marco Erini, Sandro Sferrazza, Stefano Marcucci, Chiara Sartori, Chiara Trentin, Giovanni de Pretis, Franca Chierichetti
Elettra Merola, Andrea Michielan, Sandro Sferrazza, Giovanni de Pretis, Department of Gastroenterology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento 38122, Italy
Umberto Rozzanigo, Department of Radiology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento 38122, Italy
Marco Erini, Franca Chierichetti, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento 38122, Italy
Stefano Marcucci, Department of Surgery, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento 38122, Italy
Chiara Sartori, Department of Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento 38122, Italy
Chiara Trentin, Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Trento 38122, Italy
Author contributions: All authors performed the literature research, wrote the manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All Authors declare no conflict of interest related to this publication.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Elettra Merola, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), Largo Medaglie D’Oro 9, Trento 38122, Italy. elettra.merola@apss.tn.it
Received: March 20, 2021 Peer-review started: March 20, 2021 First decision: October 3, 2021 Revised: October 18, 2021 Accepted: January 25, 2022 Article in press: January 25, 2022 Published online: February 27, 2022 Processing time: 338 Days and 15.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) have shown an increasing incidence over the past few decades. Although International Guidelines propose algorithms aimed guiding therapeutic strategies, the need for personalized treatment continues to increase. Radical resection is always the best option when feasible; however, up to 80% of cases are metastatic upon diagnosis. Several medical therapies are available for unresectable cases: Somatostatin analogs, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, targeted drugs (primarily everolimus and sunitinib), chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This review provides an updated overview of the available therapeutic options for GEP-NENs and attempts to discuss future perspectives in this field.
