Fernandez CJ, Agarwal M, Pottakkat B, Haroon NN, George AS, Pappachan JM. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: A clinical snapshot. World J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 13(3): 231-255 [PMID: 33796213 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i3.231]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Joseph M Pappachan, MD, MRCP, FRCP; Consultant, Senior Researcher, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, PR2 9HT, Preston, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom. drpappachan@yahoo.co.in
Research Domain of This Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Gastrointest Surg. Mar 27, 2021; 13(3): 231-255 Published online Mar 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i3.231
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: A clinical snapshot
Cornelius J Fernandez, Mayuri Agarwal, Biju Pottakkat, Nisha Nigil Haroon, Annu Susan George, Joseph M Pappachan
Cornelius J Fernandez, Mayuri Agarwal, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pilgrim Hospital, United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Boston PE21 9QS, United Kingdom
Biju Pottakkat, Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry 605006, India
Nisha Nigil Haroon, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury P3E 2C6, Ontario, Canada
Annu Susan George, Department of Medical Oncology, VPS Lakeshore Hospital, Cochin 682040, Kerala, India
Joseph M Pappachan, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, PR2 9HT, Preston, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Author contributions: Fernandez CJ and Agarwal M performed majority of the initial drafting and prepared the figures and tables, and share the first authorship; Pottakkat B made critical revisions in the surgical aspects of the write up; Haroon NN provided substantial additional contributions to the endocrine aspects of the work; George AS contributed to the conception and design of the study and made critical revisions especially the oncological aspects; Pappachan JM conceived the study, made critical revisions and provided final approval of the final version of the manuscript to be published
Conflict-of-interest statement: Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Joseph M Pappachan, MD, MRCP, FRCP; Consultant, Senior Researcher, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, PR2 9HT, Preston, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom. drpappachan@yahoo.co.in
Received: December 11, 2020 Peer-review started: December 11, 2020 First decision: January 11, 2021 Revised: January 17, 2021 Accepted: March 2, 2021 Article in press: March 2, 2021 Published online: March 27, 2021
Core Tip
Core Tip: Gut, the largest endocrine organ of the body, secretes several hormones through its specialised neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) originating from these cells are collectively known as gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NENs that pose significant challenges to clinicians in the diagnostic work up, prognostication and management. Rapid advancements in the molecular diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the recent years revolutionised the options for clinical investigations and management of patients with these uncommon neoplasms. This review updates the pathophysiological aspects, diagnostic strategies, and management algorithms of GEP NENs with the best evidence currently available in the global scientific literature to enable clinicians to optimally manage these unusual disease entities.
