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World J Gastrointest Surg. Nov 27, 2021; 13(11): 1293-1314
Published online Nov 27, 2021. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v13.i11.1293
Acute appendicitis–advances and controversies
Thomas Zheng Jie Teng, Xuan Rong Thong, Kai Yuan Lau, Sunder Balasubramaniam, Vishal G Shelat
Thomas Zheng Jie Teng, Xuan Rong Thong, Kai Yuan Lau, Sunder Balasubramaniam, Vishal G Shelat, Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
Thomas Zheng Jie Teng, Xuan Rong Thong, Kai Yuan Lau, Vishal G Shelat, Department of Undergraduate Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore
Author contributions: Teng TZJ, Thong XR, Lau KY, Balasubramaniam S, and VG Shelat contributed to the paper's conception and contributed to the writing of the paper.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Vishal G Shelat, FRCS (Gen Surg), Adjunct Professor, Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore. vgshelat@rediffmail.com
Received: May 18, 2021
Peer-review started: May 18, 2021
First decision: June 5, 2021
Revised: June 24, 2021
Accepted: September 29, 2021
Article in press: September 29, 2021
Published online: November 27, 2021
Processing time: 192 Days and 4.3 Hours
Abstract

Being one of the most common causes of the acute abdomen, acute appendicitis (AA) forms the bread and butter of any general surgeon’s practice. With the recent advancements in AA’s management, much controversy in diagnostic algorithms, possible differential diagnoses, and weighing the management options has been generated, with no absolute consensus in the literature. Since Alvarado described his eponymous clinical scoring system in 1986 to stratify AA risk, there has been a burgeoning of additional scores for guiding downstream management and mortality assessment. Furthermore, advancing literature on the role of antibiotics, variations in appendicectomy, and its adjuncts have expanded the surgeon’s repertoire of management options. Owing to the varied presentation, diagnostic tools, and management of AA have also been proposed in special groups such as pregnant patients, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. This article seeks to raise the critical debates about what is currently known about the above aspects of AA and explore the latest controversies in the field. Considering the ever-evolving coronavirus disease 2019 situation worldwide, we also discuss the pandemic’s repercussions on patients and how surgeons’ practices have evolved in the context of AA.

Keywords: Appendicitis; Diagnosis; Management; COVID-19; Controversy; Advances

Core Tip: Many controversies exist for the management of acute appendicitis (AA). Imaging modalities complement the clinical examination in AA diagnosis. Various imaging features of different imaging modalities should be considered to reduce diagnostic inaccuracies. Various diagnostic scoring systems augment clinical judgment, but uncertainty exists about the best score. Non-operative management of both uncomplicated and complicated AA is possible and reasonable, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Intra-operative techniques of securing the base of the appendix stump via suture, clips, or stapling devices are all debated for superiority. Adjuncts and novel treatment ideas using endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy are emerging.