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Wu G, He W, Rao H, Lu L, He X, Hou X. Clinical features of pneumatosis intestinalis induced by alpha- glucosidase inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a single center retrospective study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2025; 16:1470523. [PMID: 39991736 PMCID: PMC11842266 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1470523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is a rare but significant side effect associated with the use of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (αGI) in the treatment of diabetes. This study aims to analyze the clinical features of PI induced by αGIs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with PI between January 2018 and December 2023. Data collected included demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory findings, imaging results, endoscopic manifestations, treatments, and outcomes. Clinical characteristics were compared between patients who used acarbose and those who did not. Results A total of 48 patients with PI were included in the study, of whom 22 had used acarbose and 26 had not. The acarbose taken group was significantly older than the acarbose untaken group. Additionally, the prevalence of coronary heart disease and hypertension was markedly higher in patients taking acarbose. Importantly, total bilirubin levels were lower in those with PI who were on acarbose therapy. Conclusion Our findings highlight the need for increased vigilance regarding the potential development of PI in older diabetic patients with cardiovascular conditions following αGI administration. Timely intervention is crucial to prevent adverse outcomes. This study offers valuable insights for the future management of αGI in diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiheng He
- Department of Radiology, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Huimin Rao
- Department of Radiology, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xinran He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewen Hou
- Department of Radiology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Sharp J, Chuang K. Benign Pneumatosis Intestinalis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Fed Pract 2022; 39:281-285. [PMID: 36404938 PMCID: PMC9648604 DOI: 10.12788/fp.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumatosis intestinalis is the presence of gas within the walls of the intestine on imaging and has variable clinical significance, ranging from an incidental finding to a harbinger of intra-abdominal catastrophe. There are multiple mechanisms by which this radiographic finding develops, including bacterial gas production, increased intraluminal pressure within the gastrointestinal tract, mechanical disruption of the gut mucosa, and tracking of pulmonary gas along the mesenteric vasculature. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a 61-year-old male veteran who had sustained a remote anoxic brain injury resulting in chronic dependence on a gastrostomy tube for enteral nutrition, found incidentally to have pneumatosis intestinalis without signs of intra-abdominal catastrophe. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate interpretation of this finding can lead to life-saving interventions and avoid unnecessary surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelley Chuang
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
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Hasan SMM, Salh BS. Emphysematous cystitis as a potential marker of severe Crohn's disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:181. [PMID: 35410166 PMCID: PMC9004142 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emphysematous cystitis (EC) is characterized by the presence of air within the bladder wall, often a complication of urinary tract infection (UTI) by gas-producing organisms. However, EC has also been reported in the setting of infectious colitis suggesting an alternate etiology. We report a rare case of EC in the setting of severe Crohn’s colitis with no clinical evidence of UTI.
Case presentation A 43-year old female presented with a 2-month history of bloody diarrhea consisting of 8–12 bowel movements a day, weight loss of 10 kg and peripheral edema. She also had multiple ulcerated lesions on her abdominal wall and in the perianal region. Initial CT scan was significant for pancolitis, anasarca and EC. The follow-up CT cystogram, flexible cystoscopy and pelvic MRI confirmed the diagnosis of EC and ruled out any fistulous tracts in the pelvis including enterovesical/colovesical fistula. The patient did not report any urinary symptoms and the urinalysis was within normal limits. An extensive infectious workup was negative. Despite the paucity of infectious findings, the EC was empirically treated with an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin. Colonoscopy was significant for multiple ulcerated and hyperemic areas with pseudopolyps all throughout the right, transverse and left colon. Biopsies confirmed Crohn’s colitis with no evidence of granulomata or dysplasia. Immunohistochemistry was negative for CMV. The perianal and abdominal wall lesions were suspected to be pyoderma gangrenosum although biopsies were equivocal. The colitis was initially treated with intravenous steroids followed by biologic therapy with Infliximab. Despite appropriate escalation of therapies, the patient developed colonic perforation requiring subtotal colectomy. Conclusion This is a rare case of EC in a patient with severe Crohn’s colitis. There was no evidence of urinary tract infection or fistulising disease. According to our review, this is the first reported incident of EC in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease without any prior intra-abdominal surgeries. While active Crohn’s disease alone is a critical illness, we conclude that concomitant EC may be a poor prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mahmudul Hasan
- Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Baljinder S Salh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Gordon & Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Frickenstein AN, Jones MA, Behkam B, McNally LR. Imaging Inflammation and Infection in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010243. [PMID: 31905812 PMCID: PMC6981656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of seemingly non-specific symptoms manifest within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly in the colon, in response to inflammation, infection, or a combination thereof. Differentiation between symptom sources can often be achieved using various radiologic studies. Although it is not possible to provide a comprehensive survey of imaging gastrointestinal GI tract infections in a single article, the purpose of this review is to survey several topics on imaging of GI tract inflammation and infections. The review discusses such modalities as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, endoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging while looking at up-an-coming technologies that could improve diagnoses and patient comfort. The discussion is accomplished through examining a combination of organ-based and organism-based approaches, with accompanying selected case examples. Specific focus is placed on the bacterial infections caused by Shigella spp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, and inflammatory conditions of diverticulitis and irritable bowel disease. These infectious and inflammatory diseases and their detection via molecular imaging will be compared including the appropriate differential diagnostic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N. Frickenstein
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (A.N.F.); (M.A.J.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Meredith A. Jones
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (A.N.F.); (M.A.J.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Lacey R. McNally
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (A.N.F.); (M.A.J.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is a rare disease characterized by presence of multilocular cysts in the gastrointestinal wall. Idiopatic and secondary forms of the disease can be distinguished. There are presented several theories explaining pneumatogenesis in this article. The specific and non-specific symptoms are described. Attention is drawn to the pneumoperitoneum without signs of peritoneal irritation, what is a typical complication of this disease. The suspition of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis may be based on plain abdominal X-ray, and is usually confirmed by computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The therapy can be conservative or surgical. In conclusion, although pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is a rare disease, it may represent a problem in differential diagnosis of abdominal pain.
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Wang YJ, Wang YM, Zheng YM, Jiang HQ, Zhang J. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: six case reports and a review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:100. [PMID: 29954324 PMCID: PMC6022295 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is characterized by gas-filled cysts in the intestinal submucosa and subserosa. There are few reports of PCI occurring in duodenum and rectum. Here we demonstrated four different endoscopic manifestations of PCI and three cases with intestinal stricture all were successfully managed by medical conservative treatment. Case presentation There are 6 cases of PCI with varied causes encountered, in which the etiology, endoscopic features, treatment methods and prognosis of patients were studied. One case was idiopathic, while the other one case was caused by exposing to trichloroethylene (TCE), and the remaining four cases were secondary to diabetes, emphysema, therioma and diseases of immune system. Of the six patients, all complained of abdominal distention or diarrhea, three (50%) reported muco-bloody stools, two (33.3%) complained of abdominal pain. In four other patients, PCI occurred in the colon, especially the sigmoid colon, while in the other two patients, it occurred in duodenum and rectum. Endoscopic findings were divided into bubble-like pattern, grape or beaded circular forms, linear or cobblestone gas formation and irregular forms. After combination of medicine and endoscopic treatment, the symptoms of five patients were relieved, while one patient died of malignant tumors. Conclusion PCI endoscopic manifestations were varied, and radiology combined with endoscopy can avoid misdiagnosis. The primary bubble-like pattern can be cured by endoscopic resection, while removal of etiology combined with drug therapy can resolve majority of secondary cases, thereby avoiding the adverse risks of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Juan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Ming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Min Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Qing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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7
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Clostridium difficile disease: Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment update. Surgery 2017; 162:325-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pneumatosis Intestinalis Predictive Evaluation Study: A multicenter epidemiologic study of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 82:451-460. [PMID: 28225738 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our group has previously published a retrospective review defining variables predictive of transmural bowel ischemia in the setting of pneumatosis intestinalis (PI). We hypothesize this prospective study will confirm the findings of the retrospective review, enhancing legitimacy to the predictive factors for pathologic PI previously highlighted. METHODS Data were collected using the Research Electronic Data Capture. Forward logistic regression was utilized to identify independent predictors for pathologic PI. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS During the 3-year study period, 127 patients with PI were identified. Of these, 79 had benign disease, and 49 pathologic PI defined by the presence of transmural ischemia during surgical exploration or autopsy. Laboratory values such as elevated international normalized ratio (INR), decreased hemoglobin, and a lactate value of greater than 2.0 mmol/L were predictive of pathologic PI, as well as clinical factors including adynamic ileus, peritoneal signs on physical examination, sepsis, and hypotension. The location was also a significant factor, as patients with small bowel PI had a higher incidence of transmural ischemia than colonic PI. On multiple logistic regression, lactate value of greater than 2.0 mmol/L (odds ratio, 5.1, 1.3-19.5; p = 0.018), elevated INR (odds ratio, 3.2, 1.1-9.6; p = 0.031), peritonitis (15.0, 2.9-78; p = 0.001), and decreased hemoglobin (0.70, 0.50-0.97, 0.031) remained significant predictors of transmural ischemia (area under the curve, 0.90; 0.83-0.97). A lactate value of 2.0 mmol/L or greater and peritonitis are common factors between the retrospective review and this prospective study. CONCLUSIONS We recommend surgical exploration to be strongly considered for those PI patients presenting also with a lactate greater than 2 mmol/L and/or peritonitis. We suggest strong suspicion for necrosis in those patient with PI and small bowel involvement, ascites on computed tomography scan, adynamic ileus, anemia, and a high INR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, level II; therapeutic study, level II.
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9
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Itazaki Y, Tsujimoto H, Ito N, Horiguchi H, Nomura S, Kanematsu K, Hiraki S, Aosasa S, Yamamoto J, Hase K. Pneumatosis intestinalis with obstructing intussusception: A case report and literature review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 8:173-178. [PMID: 26981192 PMCID: PMC4770172 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v8.i2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) often represents a benign condition that should not be considered as an argument for surgery. We report a patient with PI and obstructing intussusception who underwent urgent colectomy and review the literatures regarding PI with intussusception. A 20-year-old man presented at our hospital with a 3-d intermittent lower abdominal pain history. He underwent steroid therapy for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis for 4 years. Computed tomography revealed ascending colon intussusception with air within the wall. Intraoperative colonoscopy revealed numerous soft polypoid masses with normal overlying mucosa and right hemicolectomy was performed. Histological examination of colonic wall sections revealed large cysts in the submucosal layer. The pathological diagnosis was PI. Nine cases of intussusception associated with primary PI have been reported. Although primary PI often represents a benign condition that should not be considered as an argument for surgery, if the case involves intussusception and obstruction, emergent laparotomy should be considered.
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10
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van Genderen ME, Jonkman JGJ, van Rijn M, Dees A. Emphysematous cystitis due to recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2014-207265. [PMID: 25519862 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A 78-year-old woman with long-standing obstipation presented herself to the hospital with diarrhoea and progressive abdominal cramping since 2 days. Acute abdomen developed and an emergency exploratory laparotomy was indicated, which showed no signs of bowel ischaemia. After admission to the internal ward, stool Clostridium difficile PCR was tested positive. Hence the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis became apparent. Abdominal imaging demonstrated multiple gas foci in the wall of the bladder and extensive pseudomembranous colitis. The patient was initially treated with oral vancomycin and secondarily with metronidazole for recurrent C. difficile infection. Resolution of diarrhoea and abdominal cramping was noted on 6-week follow-up visit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michiel van Rijn
- Department of Microbiology, Ikazia Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ikazia Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Feuerstein JD, White N, Berzin TM. Pneumatosis intestinalis with a focus on hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:697-703. [PMID: 24797647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumatosis intestinalis is a rare condition of air in the bowel wall. Pneumatosis intestinalis is most often secondary to another medical condition. The diagnosis is most often made radiologically with a computed tomography scan. The disease severity ranges from benign to life-threatening. Predictors of poor outcomes include pH less than 7.3, bicarbonate level of less than 20 mEq/L, lactate level of more than 2 mmol/L, amylase level of more than 200 U/L, and portal venous gas on imaging. Early recognition of life-threatening signs and symptoms is critical. Treatment options include bowel rest, antibiotics, surgery, and, more recently, the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is extremely safe, with no reported complications in the literature when used for pneumatosis intestinalis. When surgery is not emergently needed, symptomatic pneumatosis intestinalis can be safely treated with hyperbaric oxygen with a high likelihood of success without any considerable adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Feuerstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Nicole White
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tyler M Berzin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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12
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Pneumatosis Intestinalis Predictive Evaluation Study (PIPES): a multicenter epidemiologic study of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75:15-23. [PMID: 23778433 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318298486e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is associated with numerous adult conditions, ranging from benign to life threatening. To date, series of PI outcomes consist of case reports and small retrospective series. METHODS We conducted a retrospective multicenter study, involving eight centers, of PI from January 2001 to December 2010. Demographics, medical history, clinical presentation, and outcomes were collected. Primary outcome was the presence of pathologic PI defined as confirmed transmural ischemia at surgery or the withdrawal of clinical care and subsequent mortality. Forward logistic regression and a regression tree analysis was used to generate a clinical prediction rule for pathologic PI. RESULTS During the 10-year study period, 500 patients with PI were identified. Of this number, 299 (60%) had benign disease, and 201 (40%) had pathologic PI. A wide variety of variables were statistically significant predictors of pathologic PI on univariate comparison. In the regression model, a lactate of 2.0 or greater was the strongest independent predictor of pathologic PI, with hypotension or vasopressor need, peritonitis, acute renal failure, active mechanical ventilation, and absent bowel sounds also demonstrating significance. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to create a clinical prediction rule. In this tree, the presence of a lactate value of 2.0 or greater and hypotension/vasopressor use had a predictive probability of 93.2%. CONCLUSION Discerning the clinical significance of PI remains a challenge. We identified the independent predictors of pathologic PI in the largest population to date and developed of a basic predictive model for clinical use. Prospective validation is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiologic study, level III.
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Ha D, Tsai CJ. Pneumatosis intestinalis in a patient with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012:bcr-2012-006720. [PMID: 23112256 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 65-year-old man with long-standing diarrhoea, recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the previous 5 months presented to the gastroenterology clinic with recurrent diarrhoea and abdominal cramping. Physical examination was negative for signs of acute abdomen. Stool C difficile PCR was positive. Abdominal imaging demonstrated an extensive pneumatosis intestinalis involving the small bowel and a dilated small bowel loop. He was treated conservatively with oral vancomycin for recurrent CDI with resolution of diarrhoea and abdominal cramping on 1-month follow-up visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Ha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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14
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Pneumatosis intestinalis: a case report and approach to management. Case Rep Med 2011; 2011:571387. [PMID: 21331331 PMCID: PMC3038658 DOI: 10.1155/2011/571387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI), defined as gas within the bowel wall, is an uncommon radiographic sign which can represent a wide spectrum of diseases and a variety of underlying diagnoses. Because its etiology can vary greatly, management of PI ranges from surgical intervention to outpatient observation (see, Greenstein et al. (2007), Morris et al. (2008), and Peter et al. (2003)). Since PI is infrequently encountered, clinicians may be unfamiliar with its diagnosis and management; this unfamiliarity, combined with the potential necessity for urgent intervention, may place the clinician confronted with PI in a precarious medical scenario. We present a case of pneumatosis intestinalis in a patient who posed a particularly challenging diagnostic dilemma for the primary team. Furthermore, we explore the differential diagnosis prior to revealing the intervention offered to our patient; our concise yet inclusive differential and thought process for rapid evaluation may be of benefit to clinicians presented with similar clinical scenarios.
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15
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Pneumatosis Coli Associated with Pseudomembranous Colitis in a Patient following Colonic Surgery. Case Rep Med 2010; 2010:138369. [PMID: 21113293 PMCID: PMC2989377 DOI: 10.1155/2010/138369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumatosis intestinalis is a rare disorder characterized by gas-filled cysts within the subserosal and/or submucosal regions of the intestinal wall. The source of this gas and its translocation across the mucosa is incompletely understood. Most (85%) cases are associated with medical conditions, ranging from psychiatric through respiratory disorders to gastrointestinal-related diseases; the remaining 15% lack any recognizable cause or association. In this case report, pneumatosis coli (affecting the colon) occurred in a patient following abdominal surgery and was associated with pseudomembranous colitis, which was Clostridium difficile toxin negative-presumably a false negative. Supportive care and appropriate antibacterial agents sufficed to alleviate symptoms and resolve the pneumatosis. Recognizing this uncommon but important association can avoid high financial and personal costs from unnecessary testing and invasive surgical explorations. Consideration should be given to pseudomembranous colitis as the basis for pneumatosis coli developing in patients who have received antibiotics, once gut ischemia has been ruled out.
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16
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Khalil PN, Huber-Wagner S, Ladurner R, Kleespies A, Siebeck M, Mutschler W, Hallfeldt K, Kanz KG. Natural history, clinical pattern, and surgical considerations of pneumatosis intestinalis. Eur J Med Res 2009; 14:231-9. [PMID: 19541582 PMCID: PMC3352014 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-14-6-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pneumatosis intestinalis has been increasingly detected in recent years with the more frequent use of computed tomography for abdominal imaging of the intestine. The underlying causes of the gas found during radiographic studies of the bowel wall can vary widely and different hypotheses regarding its pathophysiology have been postulated. Pneumatosis intestinalis often represents a benign condition and should not be considered an argument for surgery. However, it can also require life-threatening surgery in some cases, and this can be a difficult decision in some patients. Methods The spectrum of pneumatosis intestinalis is discussed here based on various computed tomographic and surgical findings in patients who presented at our University Medical Centre in 2003-2008. We have also systematically reviewed the literature to establish the current understanding of its aetiology and pathophysiology, and the possible clinical conditions associated with pneumatosis intestinalis and their management. Results Pneumatosis intestinalis is a primary radiographic finding. After its diagnosis, its specific pathogenesis should be ascertained because the appropriate therapy is related to the underlying cause of pneumatosis intestinalis, and this is sometimes difficult to define. Surgical treatment should be considered urgent in symptomatic patients presenting with an acute abdomen, signs of ischemia, or bowel obstruction. In asymptomatic patients with otherwise inconspicuous findings, the underlying disease should be treated first, rather than urgent exploratory surgery considered. Extensive and comprehensive information on the pathophysiology and clinical findings of pneumatosis intestinalis is provided here and is incorporated into a treatment algorithm. Conclusions The information presented here allows a better understanding of the radiographic diagnosis and underlying aetiology of pneumatosis intestinalis, and may facilitate the decision-making process in this context, thus providing fast and adequate therapy to particular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe N Khalil
- Department of Surgery, Downtown Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Bilici A, Karadag B, Doventas A, Seker M. Gastric pneumatosis intestinalis associated with malignancy: An unusual case report. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:758-60. [PMID: 19222105 PMCID: PMC2653449 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is an uncommon disease defined as gas-filled cysts that are found in the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The exact causes of PI are still unclear, but it may associated with coexisting diseases, such as some GI disorders, connective tissue disease, some medication and drugs, and rarely malignancy. The most common localization is the small intestine. Gastric PI secondary to malignancy has been rarely documented. We report on a 94-year-old man with gastric PI associated with inoperable adenocarcinoma localized in the duodenum. Following the gastrojejunostomy and choledochojejunostomy bypass, his general condition improved and PI disappeared, but he died due to poor performance status and malignancy 6 mo later. We suggest that in patients presenting with PI, malignancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Hochwald O, Shaoul R. Pneumatosis intestinalis caused by Clostridium difficile in a neutropenic child. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:A24. [PMID: 17678836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ori Hochwald
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Balledux J, McCurry T, Zieger M, Coleman JJ, Sood R. Pneumatosis Intestinalis in a Burn Patient: Case Report and Literature Review. J Burn Care Res 2006; 27:399-403. [PMID: 16679912 DOI: 10.1097/01.bcr.0000216728.12094.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pneumatosis Intestinalis (PI) is a rare condition characterized by gas in the intestinal wall. PI is not a disease in itself but a sign of an underlying problem. It is associated with a wide variety of underlying disorders, ranging from benign to life-threatening. When found, it should prompt a search for the underlying cause. Diagnostic efforts should be aimed at ruling out catastrophic problems such as intestinal ischemia and necrosis. The presence of peritonitis, rectal bleeding, portomesenteric venous gas, and lactic acidosis are important factors to determine the best course of action. Burn patients have multiple risk factors for developing this condition. Despite this, PI is not well-described in the burn literature. We present here a case report, a brief review of the literature, and clinical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Balledux
- Riley Hospital Pediatric Burn Unit, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Gonenne J, Pardi DS. Clostridium difficile: an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 30:134-40. [PMID: 15793312 DOI: 10.1007/s12019-004-0009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile causes a spectrum of diarrheal illness with the potential for major medical consequences. Although most cases respond quickly to treatment, C. difficile colitis may be severe and life threatening. Recurrent disease represents a particularly challenging problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gonenne
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming toxigenic bacterium that causes diarrhea and colitis, typically after the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The clinical presentation ranges from self-limited diarrhea to fulminant colitis and toxic megacolon. The incidence of this disease is increasing, resulting in major medical and economic consequences. Although most cases respond quickly to medical treatment, C difficile colitis may be serious, especially if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Recurrent disease represents a particularly challenging problem. Prevention is best accomplished by limiting the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and following good hygienic techniques and universal precautions to limit the transmission of bacteria. A high index of suspicion results in early diagnosis and treatment and potentially reduces the incidence of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Yassin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA
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