Reproductive disturbances among Saudi adolescent girls and young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Clinical and anthropometric characteristics of the study population

Variables	Frequency (n = 102)	%
Age (yr)
13-19	71 (mean age 15.9 ± 2.72)	69.6
20-29	31 (mean age 23.5 ± 2.41)	30.4
Family History of diabetes
No	60	58.8
Yes	42	41.2
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
No	86	84.3
Yes	16	15.7
Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis
No	89	87.3
Yes	13	12.7
Complications of diabetes
No	90	88.2
Yes	12	11.8
Age of diagnosis (yr)
1-10	34 (mean 7.1 ± 2.85)	33.3
11-21	68 (mean 13.8 ± 1.99)	66.7
Age of menarche (yr)
9-11	5	4.9
12	50	49
13-16	47	46.1
Menses
Irregular	27	26.5
Regular	75	73.5
Premature ovarian failure
No	101	99
Yes	1	1
Celiac disease
No	95	93.1
Yes	7	6.9
Hashimoto thyroiditis
No	68	66.7
Yes	34	33.3
Dyslipidemia
No	88	86.3
Yes	14	13.7
Hirsutism
No	77	75.5
Yes	25	24.5
Acne
No	83	81.4
Yes	19	18.6
Pelvic ultrasound
Not done	67	66.7
Small ovaries	3	2.9
Normal	11	10.8
PCOS	21	20.6
Testosterone level
Normal	77	75.5
High	25	24.5
Hemoglobin A1C
≤ 7%	13 (mean 6.67 ± 0.57)	12.7
> 7%	89 (mean 9.57 ± 1.78)	87.3

PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome.

Table 2 Factors associated with menarche before and after diagnosis of diabetes

Variables	Diabetes diagnosed before menarche (n = 48), n (%)	Diabetes diagnosed after menarche (n = 54), n (%)	P value
Age (yr)
13-19 (n = 71)	38 (53.5)	33 (46.5)	0.038
20-29 (n = 31)	10 (32.3)	21 (67.7)
Family history of diabetes
No (n = 60)	28 (46.7)	32 (53.3)	0.542
Yes (n = 42)	20 (47.6)	22 (52.4)
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
No (n = 86)	42 (48.8)	44 (51.2)	0.289
Yes (n = 16)	6 (37.5)	10 (62.5)
Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis
No (n = 89)	42 (47.2)	47 (52.8)	0.591
Yes (n = 13)	6 (46.2)	7 (53.8)
Complications of diabetes
No (n = 90)	41(45.6)	49 (54.4)	0.299
Yes (n = 12)	7 (58.3)	5 (41.7)
Menses
Irregular (n = 27)	17 (63)	10 (37)	0.04
Regular (n = 75)	31 (41.3)	44 (58.7)
Premature ovarian failure
No (n = 101)	48 (47.5)	53 (52.5)
Yes (n = 1)	0	1 (100)	0.529
Celiac disease
No (n = 95)	44 (46.3)	51(53.7)	0.434
Yes (n = 7)	4 (57.1)	3 (42.9)
Hashimoto thyroiditis
No (n = 68)	31 (45.6)	37 (54.4)	0.416
Yes (n = 34)	17 (50)	17 (50)
Dyslipidemia
No (n = 88)	42 (47.7)	46 (52.3)	0.482
Yes (n = 14)	6 (42.9)	8 (57.1)
Hirsutism
No (n = 77)	37 (48.1)	40 (51.9)	0.452
Yes (n = 25)	11 (44)	14 (56)
Acne
No (n = 83)	45 (54.2)	38 (45.8)	0.002
Yes (n = 19)	3 (15.8)	16 (84.2)
Pelvic ultrasound
Not done (n = 67)	31 (46.3)	36 (53.7)	0.103
Small ovaries (n = 3)	3 (100)	0
Normal (n = 11)	7 (63.6)	4 (36.4)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 21)	7 (33.3)	14 (66.7)
Testosterone level
Normal (n = 77)	40 (51.9)	37 (48.1)	0.065
High (n = 25)	8 (32)	17 (68)
Variables	mean ± SD	mean ± SD	P value
Body mass index	23.83 ± 0.5	23.28 ± 0.3	0.123
Duration of diabetes	9.13 ± 0.8	4.74 ± 0.5	0.011
Age at diabetes diagnosis	8.42 ± 0.4	14.3 ± 0.2	0
Insulin dose unit/kg	0.84 ± 0.23	0.88 ± 0.23	0.794
Hemoglobin A1c	9.73 ± 0.3	8.78 ± 0.2	0.007
Body mass index	23.83 ± 0.5	23.28 ± 0.3	0.123

Categorical variables analyzed by χ² test and the continuous variables analyzed by t-test. P < 0.05 considered as significant.

Table 3 Factors associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome n (%)

Variables	No PCOS (n = 86)	PCOS (n = 16)	P value
Age (yr)
13-19 yr (n = 71)	60 (84.5)	11 (15.5)	0.574
20-29 yr (n = 31)	26 (83.9)	5 (16.1)
Family History of diabetes
No (n = 60)	57 (95)	3 (5)	0.001
Yes (n = 71)	29 (69)	13 (31)
Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis
No (n = 89)	75 (84.3)	14 (15.7)	0.43
Yes (n = 13)	11 (84.6)	2 (15.4)
Complications of diabetes
No (n = 90)	79 (87.8)	11 (12.2)	0.092
Yes (n = 12)	7 (58.3)	5 (41.7)
Menses
Irregular (n = 27)	21 (78)	6 (16.7)	0.214
Regular (n = 75)	65 (87)	10 (15.4)
Premature ovarian failure
No (n = 101)	85 (84.2)	16 (15.8)	0.843
Yes (n = 1)	1 (100)	0
Celiac disease
No (n = 95)	80 (84.2)	15 (15.8)	0.698
Yes (n = 7)	6 (85.7)	1 (14.3)
Hashimoto thyroiditis
No (n = 68)	58 (85.3)	10 (14.7)	0.453
Yes (n = 34)	28 (82.4)	6 (17.6)
Dyslipidemia
No (n = 88)	76 (86.4)	12 (13.6)	0.15
Yes (n = 14)	10 (71.4)	4 (28.6)
Hirsutism
No (n = 77)	62 (80.5)	15 (19.5)	0.054
Yes (n = 25)	24 (96)	1 (4)
Acne
No (n = 83)	70 (84.3)	13 (15.7)	0.612
Yes (n = 19)	16 (84.2)	3 (15.8)
Pelvic ultrasound
Not done (n = 67)	54 (80.6)	13 (19.4)	0.317
Small ovaries (n = 3)	2 (66.7)	1 (33.3)
Normal (n = 11)	10 (91)	1 (9)
PCOS (n = 21)	20 (95.2)	1 (4.8)
Testosterone level
Normal (n = 77)	62 (80.5)	15 (19.5)	0.054
High (n = 25)	24 (96)	1 (4)
Variables	mean ± SD	mean ± SD	P value
Body mass index	23.2 ± 2.86	25.3 ± 4.77	0.008
Duration of diabetes	6.59 ± 5.16	7.94 ± 6.45	0.53
Age at diabetes diagnosis	11.6 ± 3.82	10.8 ± 4.69	0.227
Age of menarche	12.5 ± 1	12.63 ± 0.69	0.118
Insulin dose unit/kg	0.8 ± 0.24	0.83 ± 0.20	0.493
Hemoglobin A1c	9.23 ± 1.98	9.19 ± 1.64	0.516

Categorical variables analyzed by χ² test and the continuous variables analyzed by t-test. P < 0.05 considered as significant. PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome.