Serum levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin are related to cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy subjects

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics according to study group

Variable	T2D (n = 70)	HS( n = 70)	P value
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Age (yr)	54.0 ± 5.0	51.8 ± 7.4	NS
Gender M/F	29/41	30/40	NS
Weight (kg)	75 ± 18.1	72.1 ± 14.8	NS
Height (cm)	159.6 ± 10.1	161.1 ± 7.5	NS
BMI (kg/m2)	29.3 ± 6.5	27.6 ± 5.2	NS
WC (cm)	99.2 ± 18.1	90.7 ± 12.3	< 0.01
WHR	0.93 ± 0.14	0.87 ± 0.08	< 0.01
Fat percentage	34.5 ± 8.5	33.2 ± 8.7	NS
SBP (mmHg)	143.3 ± 21.5	113.3 ± 11	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	86 ± 12.3	74.9 ± 7.5	< 0.001
Current smoking n (%)	24 (38.1)	9 (27.3)	< 0.05
Alcohol use n (%)	29 (46)	2 (3.9)	< 0.001
Physical inactivity n (%)	32 (50.8)	31 (60.8)	NS

Statistical significances were determined using Student’s t test (for data normally distributed) or Mann-Whitney test (for data not normally distributed) and χ² test (for qualitative variables). T2D: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; HS: Healthy subjects; M/F: Male/female; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; NS: Non statistically significant.

Table 2 Biochemical parameters according to study group

Variable	T2D (n = 70)	HS (n = 70)	P value
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
TC (mg/dL)	220.7 ± 84.7	181 ± 35.5	< 0.01
TG (mg/dL)1	140.9 (87.6-200.5)	108.0 (84.0-145.0)	< 0.05
HDLc (mg/dL)	43.1 ± 15.5	68.3 ± 18.0	< 0.001
LDLc (mg/dL)	129.8 ± 37.1	108.9 ± 33.1	< 0.05
VLDLc (mg/dL)	31.1 ± 18.6	25.8 ± 20.0	< 0.05
LDLc/HDLc	3 ± 1.7	2.2 ± 0.1	< 0.05
TC/HDLc	4.7 ± 1.9	3.4 ± 1.5	< 0.01
FPG (mg/dL)	161.9 ± 69.5	88.3 ± 9.0	< 0.001
FINS (mcUI/mL)	15.8 ± 7.0	13.8 ± 11.6	NS
HOMA-IR	6.8 ± 4.1	3 ± 2.6	< 0.001
hs-CRP (ng/L)	3 ± 3.1	2.1 ± 0.8	NS
ucOC (ng/mL)	1.5 ± 1.4	2.3 ± 1.8	< 0.05

¹Values are expressed as median and interquartilar range. Statistical significances were determined using Student’s t test (for data normally distributed) or Mann-Whitney test (for data not normally distributed). TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDLc: Cholesterol bound to high-density lipoproteins; LDLc: Cholesterol bound to low-density lipoproteins; VLDLc: Cholesterol bound to very low-density lipoproteins; LDLc/HDLc: LDLc/HDLc ratio; TC/HDLc: TC/HDLc ratio; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; FINS: Fasting serum insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; hs-CRP: High sensitivity C reactive protein; ucOC: Undercarboxylated osteocalcina; NS: Non statistically significant.

Table 3 Correlation between serum levels of undercaboxylated osteocalcin and cardiovascular risk factors

	ucOC concentration (ng/mL)
Variable	Whole population (n = 140)		T2D (n = 70)		HS (n = 70)
	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
BMI (kg/m2)	-0.236	0.023	-0.310	0.046	-0.166	0.244
Body fat (%)	-0.201	0.054	-0.311	0.048	-0.126	0.379
SBP (mmHg)	-0.083	0.431	0.018	0.908	0.277	0.049
DBP (mmHg)	0.155	0.137	0.450	0.003	0.209	0.141
FPG (mg/dL)	-0.283	0.006	-0.286	0.070	-0.110	0.443
HDL-c (mg/dL)	-0.255	0.036	0.117	0.655	-0.096	0.503
LDL-c/HDL-c	0.306	0.015	-0.102	0.697	0.286	0.054
TC/HDL-c	0.284	0.019	-0.158	0.544	0.221	0.120

Correlations were determined using Pearson correlation coefficients. T2D: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; HS: Healthy subjects; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HDL-c: Cholesterol bound to high-density lipoprotein; LDL-c/HDL-c: Cholesterol bound to low density lipoprotein/HDL-c ratio; TC/HDL-c: Total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio; ucOC: Undercaboxylated osteocalcin.