Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2017; 8(1): 11-17
Published online Jan 15, 2017. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i1.11
Serum levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin are related to cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy subjects
Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, José Rafael Villafán-Bernal, Sara Pascoe-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Blanca Estela Bastidas-Ramirez, Jorge David Rivas-Carrillo, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Juan Armendariz-Borunda, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Abraham Zepeda-Moreno
Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Isabel Thalia Ballesteros-Gonzalez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, Edgar Alfonso Rivera-Leon, Blanca Estela Bastidas-Ramirez, Jorge David Rivas-Carrillo, Juan Luis Alcala-Zermeno, Abraham Zepeda-Moreno, Academic Group UDG-CA-533 Multidisciplinary Study of Chronic and Degenerative Diseases, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
José Rafael Villafán-Bernal, Departamento de Jóvenes, Investigadores y Cátedras del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), CP 03940 Benito Juárez, México
José Rafael Villafán-Bernal, Departamento de Cirugía, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, CP 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags, México
Sara Pascoe-Gonzalez, Physiology Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Blanca Estela Bastidas-Ramirez, Institute of Degenerative Chronic Diseases, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Juan Armendariz-Borunda, Head of Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Abraham Zepeda-Moreno, Institute of Cancer Research in Child and Adolescent, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Author contributions: Sanchez-Enriquez S and Zepeda-Moreno A designed the research; Ballesteros-Gonzalez IT, Villafán-Bernal JR and Pascoe-Gonzalez S performed the research; Rivera-Leon EA and Llamas-Covarrubias IM contributed new reagents/analytic tools; Bastidas-Ramirez BE and Rivas-Carrillo JD analyzed the data; Alcala-Zermeno JL and Armendariz-Borunda J wrote the paper.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Institutional Review Board.
Informed consent statement: All study participants, or their legal guardian,provided informed verbal consent prior to study enrolment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no conflicts of interest to report.
Data sharing statement: Technical appendix, statistical code, and dataset will be available from Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez at Dryad repository, who will provide a permanent, citable and open-access home for the dataset.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez, MD, MSc, PhD, Biochemistry Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genomics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. serlucis@hotmail.com
Telephone: +52-33-10585200-33644 Fax: +52-33-10585200-33644
Received: September 11, 2016
Peer-review started: September 12, 2016
First decision: September 30, 2016
Revised: October 21, 2016
Accepted: November 16, 2016
Article in press: November 17, 2016
Published online: January 15, 2017
Processing time: 117 Days and 4.2 Hours
Abstract
AIM

To determine a potential relationship between serum undercarboxylated (ucOC) concentration and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and healthy subjects (HS).

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 subjects classified into two groups, 70 with T2D and 70 HS. Medical history and physical examination with anthropometric measurements were obtained from all subjects. Body fat percentage was determined by bioelectrical impendency analysis. Serum ucOC concentration was determined by enzyme immunoassay, while serum levels of insulin and hsCRP were obtained using high sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance was determined using the homeostasis model assessment-IR. Lipid profile [triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL-c), low density lipoproteins (LDL-c), very low-density lipoproteins] was determined by spectrophotometry and standard formulas when applicable.

RESULTS

The T2D patient group showed significantly higher values of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), current smoking, and alcohol use when compared to the HS group (P < 0.05). We observed a significantly lower serum ucOC concentration in T2D than in HS (1.5 ± 1.4 vs 2.3 ± 1.8, P < 0.05). In the whole study population, ucOC concentration was inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.236, P < 0.05), fasting plasma glucose (r = -0.283, P < 0.01) and HDL-c (r = -0.255, P < 0.05); and positively correlated with LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (r = 0.306, P < 0.05) and TC/HDL-c ratio (r = 0.284, P < 0.05). In the T2D group, serum ucOC concentration was inversely correlated with BMI (r = -0.310, P < 0.05) and body-fat percentage (r = -0.311, P < 0.05), and positively correlated with DBP (r = 0.450, P < 0.01). In HS group a positive correlation between serum levels of ucOC and SBP (r = 0.277, P < 0.05) was observed.

CONCLUSION

Serum ucOC is a potential marker for cardiovascular risk in Mexicans because it is related to adiposity parameters, blood pressure and lipid profile.

Keywords: Bone; Osteocalcin; Glucose metabolism; Diabetes; Cardiovascular risk

Core tip: Lower levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (OC) are found in diabetic patients as this hormone is involved in various glucorregulatory mechanisms; however evidence regarding its role in cardiovascular disease development is still pending. Here we show the correlation between levels of undercarboxylated OC and markers of cardiovascular risk.