Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Diabetes. Jun 25, 2016; 7(12): 252-259
Published online Jun 25, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i12.252
Table 1 Clinical and demographic data of the studied population
Variable
n1532
Age, yr25.2 ± 10.6
Age at diabetes diagnosis, yr11.4 ± 8.1
Age at menarche, yr12.7 ± 1.7
Duration of diabetes, yr11.5 ± 8.2
Ethnicity, n (%)1
Caucasian907 (59.2)
Non-caucasian1625 (40.7)
Geographic region, n (%)
Southeast611 (39.9)
North/northeast454 (29.6)
South367 (24.0)
Mid-west100 (6.5)
Economic status
High104 (6.7)
Medium383 (25.0)
Low533 (34.8)
Very low512 (33.4)
Level of care, n (%)
Secondary412 (26.9)
Tertiary1117 (73.1)
Time of follow-up, yr7.1 (< 1 to 49)
Data are presented as number (percentage), mean ± SD or median (minimum/maximum).
1African-Brazilians, Mulattos, Asians, and Native Indians.
Table 2 Clinical, demographic and laboratory data stratified by parity
VariableParity
Group 0(nulliparous)Group 1(1 pregnancy)Group 2(2 pregnancies)Group 3(3 pregnancies)Group 4(≥4 pregnancies)1P-value
n (%)1014 (66.2)238 (15.5)147 (9.6)81 (5.3)52 (3.4)
Demographic and economic status data
Age, yr20.7 ± 7.930.2 ± 8.534.6 ± 8.638.4 ± 9.642.3 ± 10.7< 0.001
< 15191 (18.7)1 (0.4)000
15-30706 (69.6)117 (49.2)42 (28.6)12 (14.8)6 (11.5)
≥ 30117 (11.5)120 (50.4)105 (71.4)69 (85.2)46 (88.5)
Duration of DM, yr9.4 ± 6.913.9 ± 8.215.3 ± 8.917.9 ± 8.919.0 ± 10.7< 0.001
Age at diagnosis, yr11.2 ± 6.416.2 ± 8.419.2 ± 8.120.5 ± 9.323.3 ± 8.8< 0.001
Ethnicity, yr (%) ≥20.7
Caucasian606 (59.8)144 (60.5)83 (56.5)47 (58.0)27 (51.9)
Non-caucasian408 (40.2)94 (39.5)64 (43.5)34 (42.0)25 ( 48.1)
Geographic region, n0.001
Southeast410 (40.4)94 (39.5)54 (36.7)31 (38.3)22 (42.3)
South248 (24.5)53 (22.3)36 (24.5)18 (22.2)12 (23.1)
North/Northeast309 (30.5)69 (29.0)39 (26.5)19 (23.5)18 (34.6)
Mid-West47 (4.6)22 (9.2)18 (12.2)13 (16.0)0
Economic status (%)0.5
High72 (7.1)16 (6.7)8 (5.4)5 (6.2)3 (5.8)
Medium273 (26.9)56 (23.5)29 (19.7)18 (22.2)7 (13.5)
Low340 (33.5)85 (35.7)55 (37.4)33 (40.7)20 (38.5)
Very low329 (32.4)81 (34.0)55 (37.4)25 (30.9)22 (42.3)
Glycemic control and insulin dose
HbA1c (%)9.6 ± 2.69.4 ± 2.48.8 ± 2.09.4 ± 2.49.5 ± 2.00.02
HbA1c (mmol/mol)81.9 ± 28.479.9 ± 26.373.4 ± 22.279.5 ± 26.880.4 ± 21.7
HbA1c (good) n (%)107 (11.9)21 (10.3)19 (14.6)8 (11.3)3 (6.5)0.1
H1Ac (poor) n (%)480 (53.5)99 (48.8)51 (39.2)37 (52.1)27 (58.7)
Insulin dose (U/kg per day)0.98 ± 0.40.8 ± 0.30.8 ± 0.30.7 ± 0.40.8 ± 0.40.001
Metformin use, yr (%)103 (10.2)20 (8.4)24 (16.3)6 (7.4)9 (17.3)0.04
Cardiovascular risk factors
sBP (mmHg)110.8 ± 14.6117.5 ± 15.7119.6 ± 18.7119.8 ± 18.9124.0 ± 21.4< 0.001
dBP (mmHg)72.3 ± 10.175.2 ± 11.374.9 ± 11.575.9 ± 11.575.9 ± 10.2< 0.001
Hypertension, yr (%)158 (16.6)76 (32.2)53 (36.3)29 (35.8)25 (48.1)< 0.001
Cholesterol (mg/dL)176.9 ± 43.7186.4 ± 43.4181.3 ± 41.6182.3 ± 42.0183.5 ± 44.50.055
Triglycerides (mg/dL)98.7.4 ± 75.0102.0 ± 61.1103.2 ± 64.4116.2 ± 110.6105.8 ± 94.90.3
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)54.1 ± 14.458.3 ± 18.455.2 ± 15.855.3 ± 15.361.5 ± 17.40.01
Non-LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)122.5 ± 42.6128.2 ± 39.9126.0 ± 41.0124.9 ± 41.2122.8 ± 43.40.5
LDL cholesterol103.8 ± 34.7107.6 ± 35.5105.5 ± 36.5103.1 ± 31.2103.3 ± 37.60.7
BMI (kg/m2)22.8 ± 3.423.9 ± 3.824.3 ± 3.524.4 ± 5.125.5 ± 4.6< 0.001
Overweight or obesity, n (%)1338 (33.5)153 (35.2)56 (38.1)36 (44.4)25 (49.0)0.004
Retinopathy, yr (%)3< 0.001
Absent649 (86.9)154 (73.3)104 (77)60 (76.5)32 (65.3)
Non-proliferative50 (6.7)36 (17.1)15 (11.1)11 (14.1)10 (20.4)
Proliferative48 (6.4)20 (9.5)16 (11.9)7 (9.0)7 (14 .3)
Nephropathy, yr (%)40.08
Absent527 (70.7)128 (60.7)91 (67.4)49 ( 62.8)30 (61.2)
Microalbuminuria90 (12.1)43 (20.4)17 (12.6)12 (18.8)8 (28.0)
Clinical nephropathy23 (3.1)9 (4.3)8 (5.9)3 (4.7)2 (5.0)
Macrovascular complications, yes (%)5,623 (3.1)16 (7.6)13 (9.6)5 (6.4)7 (14.3)< 0.001
1The P value is related to the comparison among all groups (ANOVA);
2African-Brazilians, Mulattos, Asians, Native Indians;
3Retinopathy, nephropathy and macrovascular complications were considered in patients with criterion to be screened (duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years, n = 1219);
4Retinopathy, nephropathy and macrovascular complications were considered in patients with criterion to be screened (duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years, n = 1219);
5Retinopathy, nephropathy and macrovascular complications were considered in patients with criterion to be screened (duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years, n = 1219);
6Overweight or obesity were considered together. The data are presented as n (%) mean ± SD or median (minimum/maximum).
HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; BMI: Body mass index.
Table 3 Effect of parity on body mass index evaluated by random intercept multivariate linear regression and adjusted for clinical and demographic data
VariableModel 1Model 2Model 3P value
Parity
Nulliparous (reference)
10.400 (0.278)0.291 (0.276)0.291 (0.277)NS
20.366 (0.350)0.320 (0.347)0.326 (0.350)NS
30.171 (0.456)0.119 (0.453)0.111 (0.454)NS
≥ 41.013 (0.563)1.029 (0.558)1.051 (0.560)0.06
Age0.081 (0.014)0.069 (0.014)0.069 (0.014)NS
Duration of Diabetes (yr)0.007 (0.015)0.011 (0.015)0.013 (0.015)NS
Insulin dose (U/kg per day)-1.237 (0.253)-1.239 (0.254)(< 0.001)
Metformin use (yr)-0.960 (0.678)-0.994(0.679)NS
Economic status (classes)NS
High (reference)
Medium0.677 (0.392)
Low0.551 (0.386)
Very low0.353 (0.397)
Ethnicity (non-caucasian)-0.028 (0.201)NS
Intercept23.233 (0.166)23.281 (0.171)23.814 (0.377)
Variability attributable to centers
Variance0.296 (0.148)0.340 (0.161)0.321 (0.155)
Variability attributable to patients
Variance12.475 (0.456)12.251 (0.448)12.226 (0.447)
-2 × loglik8.192.6408167.3578.163.366
Data are presented as B coefficient or variance (standard error); continuous independent variables are centered on the mean. Model 1: Adjusted for age and duration of diabetes; Model 2: Adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, insulin dose and metformin use; Model 3: Adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, insulin dose, metformin use, economic status and ethnicity.