Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2024; 15(6): 1212-1225
Published online Jun 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1212
Table 1 Diagnostic criteria for diabetes (World Health Organization, 1999)
Diagnostic criteria
Venous plasma glucose levels (mmol/L)
Diabetic symptoms and random blood glucose≥ 11.1 mmol/L
Fasting plasma glucose≥ 7.0 mmol/L
Plasma glucose 2 h after oral glucose tolerance test≥ 11.1 mmol/L
Table 2 Comparison of clinical and laboratory parameters between diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic nephropathy patients
Parameters
NDN (n = 88)
DN (n = 115)
F/Z value
P value
Age, yr57.03 ± 10.3460.57 ± 11.05a0.6800.021
Sex, male, n (%)58 (65.90)75 (65.20)0.0110.918
BMI, kg/m225.69 ± 2.6726.35 ± 3.727.6950.192
Hypertension, present, n (%)41 (46.60)97 (84.30)a32.650< 0.001
Course, yr8 (3.75, 15.00)12 (8.00, 20.00)a3.666< 0.001
FPG, mmol/L6.80 (5.60, 8.10)6.80 (5.68, 8.70)0.4690.639
HbA1c, %8.82 ± 1.778.70 ± 2.396.6760.681
NLR1.72 (1.34, 2.14)2.19 (1.70, 3.19)a4.547< 0.001
hs-CRP, mg/L1.55 (0.72, 3.37)2.60 (0.95, 7.20)a2.2930.022
TC, mmol/L4.35 ± 1.034.71 ± 1.53a8.0090.045
TG, mmol/L1.64 (1.08, 2.26)1.65 (1.12, 2.66)1.0640.287
LDL-C, mmol/L2.53 ± 0.772.61 ± 0.963.1810.544
HDL-C, mmol/L0.99 ± 0.200.96 ± 0.231.2280.265
Urea, mmol/L5.50 (4.63, 6.30)7.60 (5.80, 11.93)a6.726< 0.001
CysC, mg/L0.53 (0.45, 0.72)1.18 (0.65, 1.99)a7.419< 0.001
RBP-4, mg/L39.99 (30.69, 46.30)53.20 (41.00, 73.00)a6.284< 0.001
Scr, μmol/L68.00 (59.00, 79.75)105.00 (70.00, 199.00)a6.525< 0.001
eGFR, mL·min-1·1.73 m-295.99 (90.11, 104.82)57.01 (27.22, 93.84)a6.561< 0.001
UACR, mg/g6.30 (3.70, 15.45)446.20 (114.10, 1086.20)a11.542< 0.001
UTP/24 h, g/24 h0.04 (0.02, 0.08)1.31 (0.34, 4.07)a11.624< 0.001
U-α2-MG/UCr, mg/g1.20 (0.86, 2.02)5.78 (2.00, 17.31)a8.110< 0.001
U-PCX/UCr, μg/g2.91 (1.48, 5.04)12.83 (6.25, 42.27)a8.817< 0.001
U-AFU/UCr, nmol/g0.04 (0.03, 0.07)0.34 (0.05, 2.14)a7.105< 0.001
Table 3 Partial correlation analysis between cystatin C, retinol-binding protein-4, U-α2- macroglobulin, U-podocalyxin, U-α-L-fucosidase, and clinical indicators
IndicatorCysC

RBP-4

U-α2-MG/UCr

U-PCX/UCr

U-AFU/UCr

r
P value
r
P value
r
P value
r
P value
r
P value
UACR0.730< 0.0010.625< 0.0010.805< 0.0010.639< 0.0010.780< 0.001
eGFR-0.816< 0.001-0.702< 0.001-0.711< 0.001-0.604< 0.001-0.742< 0.001
CysC1.000-0.693< 0.0010.710< 0.0010.645< 0.0010.692< 0.001
RBP-40.693< 0.0011.000-0.530< 0.0010.432< 0.0010.588< 0.001
U-α2-MG/UCr0.710< 0.0010.530< 0.0011.000-0.820< 0.0010.874< 0.001
U-PCX/UCr0.645< 0.0010.432< 0.0010.820< 0.0011.000-0.746< 0.001
U-AFU/UCr0.692< 0.0010.588< 0.0010.874< 0.0010.746< 0.0011.000-
Scr0.953< 0.0010.680< 0.0010.755< 0.0010.645< 0.0010.715< 0.001
Urea0.799< 0.0010.651< 0.0010.657< 0.0010.568< 0.0010.703< 0.001
UTP/24 h0.665< 0.0010.506< 0.0010.740< 0.0010.523< 0.0010.743< 0.001
NLR0.417< 0.0010.1670.0180.311< 0.0010.299< 0.0010.313< 0.001
hs-CRP0.0670.3430.0790.2670.0940.1860.1110.1180.0870.222
Table 4 Evaluation of area under the curve and its 95% confidence interval for various indicators
Indicators waiting to be measured
AUC
Standard error
P value
95% confidence interval
UACR0.970.01< 0.001(0.95, 1.00)
eGFR0.770.03< 0.001(0.70, 0.84)
CysC0.800.03< 0.001(0.75, 0.86)
RBP-40.760.03< 0.001(0.69, 0.82)
U-α2-MG/UCr0.830.03< 0.001(0.78, 0.89)
U-PCX/UCr0.860.03< 0.001(0.81, 0.91)
U-AFU/UCr0.790.03< 0.001(0.73, 0.85)
U-α2-MG/UCr + U-PCX/UCr0.880.03< 0.001(0.83, 0.93)
U-PCX/UCr + U-AFU/UCr0.880.03< 0.001(0.84, 0.93)
U-α2-MG/UCr + U-AFU/UCr0.860.03< 0.001(0.80, 0.91)
U-α2-MG/UCr + U-PCX/UCr + U-AFU/UCr0.890.03< 0.001(0.85, 0.94)
Table 5 Optimal diagnostic cut-off points and their sensitivity and specificity for various indicators
Indicators
Optimal diagnostic cut-off points
Sensitivity
Specificity
Youden index
UACR29.500.950.980.93
eGFR74.410.960.580.54
CysC1.110.540.990.53
RBP-456.900.450.980.43
U-α2-MG/UCr3.900.550.990.54
U-PCX/UCr4.810.840.750.59
U-AFU/UCr0.180.630.920.55
U-α2-MG/UCr + U-PCX/UCr-0.860.760.62
U-PCX/UCr + U-AFU/UCr-0.750.860.61
U-α2-MG/UCr + U-AFU/UCr-0.680.900.58
U-α2-MG/UCr + U-PCX/UCr + U-AFU/UCr-0.890.750.64