Effect of exercise during pregnancy on offspring development through ameliorating high glucose and hypoxia in gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the pregnant women enrolled in this study, n (%)/mean ± SEM

	Normal (n = 20)	GDM (n = 20)	P value
Age (years)	29.6 ± 0.646	31.7 ± 0.915	0.07
Gravidity	1.2 ± 0.156	1.3 ± 0.128	0.62
Parity	1.15 ± 0.082	1.35 ± 0.109	0.15
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)	68.19 ± 2.202	65.32 ± 1.45	0.28
Gestational weight gain (kg)	14.025 ± 0.806	12.39 ± 0.901	0.18
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/cm2)	26.269 ± 0.706	25.466 ± 0.395	0.43
OGTT during 24-28 week (mmol/L)
Fasting plasma glucose	4.353 ± 0.068	4.509 ± 0.094	0.19
1-hour plasma glucose	7.338 ± 0.328	9.285 ± 0.422	< 0.001
2-hour plasma glucose	6.371 ± 0.266	8.612 ± 0.381	< 0.001
Third trimester HbA1c (%)	5.25 ± 0.074	5.46 ± 0.108	0.12
Fetal sex			0.74
Male	6 (30)	7 (35)
Female	14 (70)	13 (65)
Neonatal birthweight (g)	3254.5 ± 110.307	3176 ± 105.732	0.61
Placental weight (g)	531.579 ± 12.502	522.143 ± 14.645	0.63

BMI: Body mass index; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin concentration.

Table 2 Characteristics of the pregnant mice enrolled in this study, mean ± SEM

	Control (n = 10)	mGDM (n = 10)	mGE (n = 10)	P value
Gestational days	19.3 ± 0.483	19.3 ± 0.483	19.4 ± 0.516	0.99
Number of litters	12.9 ± 2.132	11.9 ± 2.846	12.4 ± 1.897	0.39
Pre-pregnancy weight (g)	31.105 ± 2.578	31.826 ± 3.608	30.93 ± 3.180	0.61
Gestational weight gain (g)	19.295 ± 3.884	9.184 ± 3.623	14.54 ± 4.358	< 0.001
RPG (mmol/L)1	9.68 ± 2.411	30.2 ± 3.008	21.48 ± 7.229	< 0.001
OGTT at E13.5 (mmol/L)2
Fasting plasma glucose2	5.24 ± 0.875	17.05 ± 5.368	9.83 ± 3.522	< 0.001
0.5-hour plasma glucose2	15.13 ± 4.004	29.84 ± 3.59	26.990 ± 6.033	< 0.001
1-hour plasma glucose2	12.18 ± 3.260	32.0 ± 1.928	27.03 ± 6.045	< 0.001
2-hour plasma glucose2	9.75 ± 2.396	27.56 ± 4.567	21.83 ± 9.758	< 0.001
Plasma insulin (μU/mL)2	1.756 ± 0.795	3.129 ± 1.013	3.761 ± 0.866	< 0.05
HOMA-IR2	0.416 ± 0.215	2.531 ± 1.545	1.70 ± 0.872	< 0.001
F1-weight at 0 week	0.98 ± 0.019	0.910 ± 0.059	0.840 ± 0.022	0.29
F1-weight at 3 weeks	6.790 ± 0.734	5.212 ± 0.614	6.602 ± 0.595	0.14
F1-weight at 8 weeks	30.222 ± 1.294	29.658 ± 0.864	30.370 ± 1.129	0.73

¹Result of random plasma glucose performed on embryonic day E7.5.

²Results of the oral glucose tolerance test performed on embryonic day E13.5.

HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; RPG: Random plasma glucose.