Advanced glycation end product signaling and metabolic complications: Dietary approach

Table 1 Advanced glycation end products content in carbohydrates rich food ready to eat food products and country origin

Type of AGEs	Country	Food products	AGE level	Ref.
Acrylamide	Poland	French fries	63-2175 μg/kg	[29]
		Potato chips	113-3647
		Crispbread	65-1271 μg/kg
		Crackers	566-2017 μg/kg
		Daily Bread	35-110 μg/kg
	United States	Biscuits	5-1796 μg/kg	[30]
	India	Potato chips	1456.5 μg/kg	[31]
		Biscuits bakery	126-665 μg/kg	[32]
		French fries	825.96-1143.15
	Saudi Arabia	Biscuits	90-182 μg/kg	[33]
		Chocolate pies	439 μg/kg
Furan	Brazil	Biscuits	38.1-105.3 μg/kg	[34]
	Belgium	Jarred baby food	61.7 μg/kg	[35]
	Spain	Vegetable-based baby food	10.9 to 143.0 μg/kg	[36]
		Fruit-based baby food	7.7 to 32.1
	Germany	Ready to drink coffee	2-108 μg/kg	[37]
	Denmark	Instant coffee powder	39-1330 μg/kg	[38]
		Dried fruits	387 μg/kg
HMF	Malaysia	Stored honey	118.47-1139.95 mg/kg	[39]
	Bangaldesh	Stored honey	3-703 mg/kg	[40]
	Turkey	Traditionally coffee	213-239 mg/kg	[41]
	Brazil	Corn syrup	406-2121 mg/kg	[42]
		Cane syrup	109-893 mg/kg
	Polish Market	Roasted coffee	348 mg/kg	[43]
		Instant coffee	3351 mg/kg
		Fruit juices	1-110 mg/L
		Cola-carbonated drinks	2-40 mg/L
	Syria	Instant coffee	526-1800 mg/kg	[44]
GO	Italy	Sugar cookies	362 mg/kg	[45]
	Spain	Commercial cookies	4.8-26.0 mg/kg	[46]
	Netherlands	Apple molasses	0.01-37.00 mg/kg	[47]
MGO	Italy	Sugar cookies	293.0 mg/kg	[45]
	Turkey	Dried apricots	20-41 mg/kg	[48]
	Netherlands	Dutch spiced cake, rusk, apple molasses	0.04-736.00 mg/kg	[47]
	Spain	Commercial cookies	3.7-81.4 mg/kg	[46]
Furosine	Denmark	Standard infant formula	1700-2800 mg/kg P	[49]
	Netherland	Standard infant formula	4719-6394 mg/kg P	[50]
	China	Charcoal-flavored milk	593.2 mg/100 g protein	[51]
		Branded fermented milk	25.40-1661.05 mg/100 g P	[52]
		Posturized milk	12.58-61.80 mg/100 g P	[53]
		Raw milk	8.85 mg/100 g P
CML	United States	Fried beef	20.03 mg/100 g P	[54]
		Baked beef	14.31 mg/100 g P
		Fried chicken breast	17.17 mg/100 g P
		Baked chicken breast	13.58 mg/100 g P
	China	Ground beef	3.00-19.96 mg/100 g P	[55]
		Fish	0.66-2.00 mg/100 g P	[56]
		Sea food (dry)	44.8-439.0 mg/100 g P	[57]
		Canned saury fishes	250-1608 mg/100 g P	[58]
CEL	China	Fish	3.08 mg/100 g P	[56]
		Canned saury fishes	721-3653 mg/100 g P	[58]

AGEs: Advanced glycation end products; CEL: N’-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine; CML: Carboxymethyl-lysine; GO: Glyoxal; HMF: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural; MGO: Methyl glyoxal; MOLD: Methylglyoxal-lysine dimer.