Glucose metabolism continuous deteriorating in male patients with human immunodeficiency virus accepted antiretroviral therapy for 156 weeks

Table 1 Baseline information of human immune deficiency virus-infected male patients (n = 61)

Viable	Total (n = 61)		NGT (n = 50)
	mean ± SD or case (%)	Range	mean ± SD or case (%)	Range
Age (yr)	32.05 ± 8.38	20-58	31.93 ± 8.59	20-60
Infection duration (mo)	11.16 ± 1.19	1-86	11.16 ± 1.19	1-86
T lymphocyte subsets
CD3+ (cells/μL)	1433.98 ± 595.35	470-3074	1489.7 ± 603.75	561-3202
CD3+CD4+ (cells/μL)	313.87 ± 118.473	54-499	324.74 ± 150.37	10-833
CD3+CD4+% (%)	19.78 ± 6.83	1.4-43.4	20.46 ± 8.25	1.4-56.8
CD3+CD8+ (cells/μL)	1119.70 ± 605.0	360-2456	1100.70 ± 498.72	440-2456
CD3+CD8+% (%)	69.97 ± 13.80	36.1-97.2	69.31 ± 14.72	35.8-97.2
1Virus load of HIVRNA	41772.77 ± 10.38	895.0-505987.0	91126.14 ± 2.64	895-970103
Glycose metabolic parameters
FPG (mmol/L)	5.50 ± 0.508	3.90-6.53	5.39 ± 0.40	3.9-6.0
HbA1c (%)	5.35 ± 0.34	4.5-6.2	5.25 ± 0.37	4.1-6.2
FINS (mIU/L)	4.55 ± 3.03	0.5-11.09	2.39 ± 1.16	0.5-10.24
HOMA-IR(mIU × mmol/L2)	1.30 ± 0.84	0.81-2.31	1.21 ± 0.17	0.81-1.74
HOMA-β (mIU/mmol)	52.37 ± 36.25	14.8-182.46	64.10 ± 8.44	30.8-182.46

¹Refers to logarithmic transformation before statistical analysis for nonnormally distributed data. FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; FINS: Fasting insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment of β cells; NGT: Normal glucose tolerance; HIVRNA: Human immune deficiency virus viral nucleic acid.

Table 2 Spearman correlation analysis of glucose metabolism parameters, general condition, anthropometric parameters, biochemical, immunological and virological indicators within 156 wk (n = 61)

	FPG		FINS		HOMA-IR		HOMA-β
	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
Age (yr)	0.120	0.008
NAFLD (0 = without, 1 = with)	0.155	0.001
Follow-up weeks			0.280	0.005
BMI (kg/m2)	0.291	0.004
Body fat percentage (%)	0.311	0.002
Body fat weight (kg)	0.297	0.003
Lean body mass weight (kg)	0.138	0.008
ALT (g/L)	0.126	0.006	0.221	0.031
AST (g/L)	0.081	0.029	0.352	< 0.0001
GGT (g/L)	0.127	0.005	0.230	0.025
ALP (g/L)	0.106	0.004	0.253	0.009	0.164	0.002
Cr (μmol/L)	0.198	< 0.0001			0.378	0.027
Cysc (mg/L)			-0.280	0.005
UA (mmol/L)					0.175	0.001	0.179	< 0.0001
CD3+ count (cells/μL)	-0.146	< 0.0001
CD4+count (cells/μL)	-0.107	0.030
CD8+count (cells/μL)	-0.120	0.002	-0.236	0.022	-0.121	0.026
CD3+%	-0.140	0.002
CD4+%			0.2363	0.023	0.111	0.042	0.118	0.030
CD8+%	0.134	0.007	-0.293	0.004
CD4+/CD8+			0.312	0.002
IgM (g/L)	-0.263	0.003
LV (copes/L)	-0.266	0.033	-0.374	0.045	-0.427	0.024
CD4+ count groups					-0.340	0.049

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; Cr: Serum creatinine; Cysc: Serum cystatin C; FINS: Fasting insulin; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; GGT: γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment of β cell function; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; UA: Uric acid; VL: Viral load.

Table 3 Multiple stepwise regression analysis of risk factors for glucose metabolism parameters within 156 wk (n = 61)

Independent variable	Dependent variable	B	SE	Beta	t	P value
FPG	Constant	5.416	0.233	-	23.206	< 0.0001
	VL	-0.040	0.016	-0.269	-2.470	0.015
	CD8+%	0.008	0.004	0.241	2.215	0.029
FINS	Constant	83.179	27.700	-	3.003	0.007
	ALT	0.348	0.081	0.670	4.302	< 0.0001
	VL	-6.654	2.375	-0.734	-2.801	0.011
	Follow-up weeks	-5.951	2.196	-0.711	-2.710	0.013
	CD8+ count (cells/μL)	-0.010	0.005	-0.325	-2.122	0.046
HOMA-IR	Constant	18.025	7.686	-	2.345	0.029
	ALT	0.090	0.023	0.642	3.855	0.001
	VL	-1.664	0.685	-0.405	-2.429	0.024
HOMA-β	Constant	695.830	224.509	-	3.099	0.016
	ALT	2.740	0.656	0.649	4.179	< 0.0001
	VL	-54.256	19.253	-0.440	-2.818	0.011
	CD8+ count (cells/μL)	-0.090	0.039	-0.345	-2.271	0.034

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; FINS: Fasting insulin; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis model assessment of β cell function; VL: Viral load.