Relationship between GCKR gene rs780094 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes with albuminuria

doi:10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1803

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Dec 15, 2023 (publication date) through Nov 28, 2024

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Dec 15, 2023; 14(12): 1803-1812
Published online Dec 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1803

Table 1 Probe sequence

Name	SNP site	Primer	Sequence	Modification
Name	SNP site	Primer	Sequence	5’	3’
Human	rs780094	rs780094-F	GGCCCCAGTTTTTTAGACCAT
		rs780094-R	GCCCGGCCTCAACAAAT
		rs780094-PG	CTGACACATGTTTGCT	FAM	MGB
		rs780094-PA	TGACACATATTTGCTG	VIC	MGB

SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism.

Table 2 Comparison of baseline data among the four groups

Group	I	II	III	IV	Statistics	P value
Number	66	101	81	70	-	-
Sex (male/female)	22/44	57/44^a	36/45	33/37	8.755¹	0.033
Age (yr)	51 (19)	55 (16)^a	55.5 (15.75)^a	58 (13.75)^a	14.314²	0.003
DBP (mmHg)	73 (17.5)	87 (17.75)^a	86 (17.75)^a	92 (17.75)^a^,^b	45.370²	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	125 (24.5)	153 (34.5)^a	153.5 (35.5)^a	154 (29)^a	54.376²	< 0.001
Height (cm)	158 (11)	160 (14)	157 (10.75)	158.5 (14.75)	0.674²	0.879
Weight (kg)	54.4 (15.5)	62 (15.5)^a	62 (13)^a	64.5 (17.75)^a	30.99²	< 0.01
BMI (kg/m²)	21.74 (3.91)	25.3 (3.82)^a	25.40 (4.53)^a	25.39 (4.47)^a	40.147²	< 0.01
Course of disease (mo)	-	90 (133.35)^a	111.5 (132.5)^a	118.5 (1332.5)^a	147.932²	< 0.01
HbA1c (%)	5.7 (0.6)	9.6 (3.55)^a	9.7 (3.5)^a	9.35 (2.88)^a	151.947²	< 0.01
FBG (mmol/L)	5.33 (0.75)	7.35 (2.93)^a	8.85 (5.68)^a^,^b	8.85 (3.2)^b	106.139²	< 0.01
2-h PBG (mmol/L)	9.43 (1.83)	12.65 (2.45)^a	13.4 (6.92)^a	13.6 (7.47)^a^,^b	102.209²	< 0.01
INS (mmol/L)	7.47 (5.79)	8.23 (8.54)^a	8.0 (9.26)^a	7.94 (8.01)	5.999²	0.112
Fasting C-peptide (mmol/L)	1.61 (1)	1.73 (1.58)	1.35 (1.62)	1.97 (2.37)	5.645²	0.130
BUN (mmol/L)	4.92 (1.79)	5.85 (2.15)^a	5.67 (1.94)^a	7.82 (2.56)^a^,^b^,^c	56.728²	< 0.01
Cr (μmol/L)	55 (29.05)	58.6 (25.33)	57.4 (22.65)	87.95 (53.78)^a^,^b^,^c	53.938²	< 0.01
UA (μmol/L)	347.6 (122.9)	318.25 (187.6)	298.95 (138.18)	389.1 (189.58)^b	10.817²	0.013
TG (mmol/L)	1.42 (0.75)	1.69 (1.54)^a	1.81 (1.40)^a	1.74 (1.43)^a	14.974²	0.02
TC (mmol/L)	3.77 (1.67)	4.51 (1.66)^a	4.58 (1.53)^a	4.44 (1.91)^a	14.796²	0.02
HDL (mmol/L)	1.14 (0.35)	1.08 (0.40)	1.09 (0.30)	1.09 (0.40)	1.305²	0.728
LDL (mmol/L)	2.55 (1.14)	2.61 (1.45)	2.54 (1.42)	2.69 (1.95)	1.145²	0.766
UCAR (μg/mg)	18.95 (11.92)	21.9 (48.63)^a	67.85 (67.3)^a^,^b	2314.5 (3161.08)^a^,^b^,^c	218.326²	< 0.01
Hypertension (yes/no)	57/9	64/37^a	29/52^a^,^b	31/39^a^,^b	44.444¹	< 0.01
Hyperlipidemia (yes/no)	52/14	62/39^a	48/33^a	46/24	7.301¹	0.063
CHD (yes/no)	63/3	90/11	72/9	66/4	3.482¹	0.323
Stoke (yes/no)	63/3	95/6	72/9	63/7	4.182¹	0.242
Drink (yes/no)	55/11	66/35	60/21	45/35	8.359¹	0.039
Smoke (yes/no)	53/13	68/33^a	57/24	46/24^a	4.305¹	0.230

^aRepresents a statistically significant difference from group I.

^bRepresents a statistically significant difference from group II.

^cRepresents a statistically significant difference from group III.

¹Represents χ² value.

²Represents H value.

DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; 2-h PBG: 2-h postprandial blood glucose; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; UA: Uric acid; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; UCAR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; CHD: Coronary heart disease.

Table 3 Comparison of genotype frequency and allele frequency among the four groups

Group	n	CC	CT	TT	C	T
I	66	25 (37.9%)	28 (42.4%)	13 (19.7%)	78 (59.1%)	54 (40.9%)
II	101	22 (21.7%)	45 (44.6%)	34 (33.7%)	89 (44.1%)	113 (55.9%)
III	81	18 (22.2%)	37 (45.7%)	26 (32.1%)	73 (45.1%)	89 (54.9%)
IV	70	15 (21.4%)	33 (47.1%)	22 (31.5%)	63 (45.0%)	77 (55.0%)

Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with proteinuria

Variable	B	SE	Wald χ²	P value	OR (95%CI)
DBP (mmHg)	0.077	0.013	35.65	< 0.01	1.080 (1.053-1.017)
SBP (mmHg)	0.036	0.006	36.858	< 0.01	1.037 (1.025-1.049)
Weight (kg)	0.072	0.015	23.121	< 0.01	1.075 (1.044-1.107)
BMI (kg/m²)	0.300	0.051	34.472	< 0.01	1.350 (1.221-1.492)
Hypertension (yes/no)	1.878	0.380	24.391	< 0.01	6.538 (3.103-13.773)
Hyperlipidemia (yes/no)	0.827	0.328	6.358	0.012	2.286 (1.202-4.346)
Drink (yes/no)	0.862	0.357	5.841	0.016	2.368 (1.177-4.766)
HbA1c (%)	4.834	0.904	28.614	< 0.01	125.687 (21.385-738.706)
FBG (mmol/L)	1.258	0.187	45.233	< 0.01	3.517 (2.438-5.074)
2-h PBG (mmol/L)	0.631	0.092	47.502	< 0.01	1.879 (1.571-2.248)
BUN (mmol/L)	0.477	0.099	23.410	< 0.01	1.612 (1.328-1.956)
TG (mmol/L)	0.464	0.159	8.548	0.003	1.591 (1.165-2.171)
TC (mmol/L)	0.470	0.122	14.801	< 0.01	1.600 (1.259-2.032)
CT + TT	0.536	0.192	7.765	0.005	1.710 (1.172-2.493)

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; 2-h PBG: 2-h postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

Citation: Liu YY, Wan Q. Relationship between GCKR gene rs780094 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes with albuminuria. World J Diabetes 2023; 14(12): 1803-1812
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v14/i12/1803.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1803