Copyright
©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2023; 14(1): 35-47
Published online Jan 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i1.35
Published online Jan 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i1.35
Table 1 Exosomes have therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases and enhance wound healing
Pathology | Source of exosome | Outcome |
Inflammatory diseases[44] | Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Exosomes displayed an inhibitory effect in the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of T-cells and inhibit IFN-γ release |
Impaired wound healing in diabetes[45] | Whole blood serum | Serum-derived exosomes promoted angiogenesis and extracellular matrix formation |
Diabetic wound healing[46] | Bone marrow and adipose tissue | In mice models, adipose tissue-derived EVs promoted wound healing while those that were bone-derived did not |
Diabetic wound healing[47] | Macrophages | Macrophage-derived exosomes inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines in a rat model |
Diabetic wounds[48] | Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells | Exosomes accelerated cutaneous wound healing and reduced the effects of oxidative stress and promoted angiogenesis |
Diabetic wounds[49] | Human amniotic epithelial cells | Exosomes promoted angiogenesis and fibroblast function via activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway |
Table 2 Strategies to enhance stability and bioavailability of exosomes
Pathology | Exosomes modification | Source of exosomes | Strategy and outcomes |
Impaired diabetic wound healing[13] | MiR-20b-5p-upregulated exosomes | Isolated from diabetic and non-diabetic patient blood | Exosomes derived from diabetics delayed wound healing and angiogenesis compared to exosomes sourced from non-diabetic patients in mice wounds |
Diabetic foot ulcer[15] | Nrf2-rich exosomes | ADSCs (human and rat) | Increased granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, and growth factor levels and reduced levels of inflammation and oxidative stress with exosomes in a rat model |
Diabetic wound[55] | Pioglitazone pre-treated exosomes | MSCs | PGZ-treated exosomes promoted angiogenesis and enhanced wound healing in a rat model |
Diabetic foot ulcers[56] | LncRNA H19-overexpressed exosomes | MSCs | LncRNA h19-rich exosomes prevented apoptosis and inflammation of fibroblasts and stimulated wound healing in the mice model |
Diabetic wounds[57] | Deferoxamine preconditioned exosomes | Human bone marrow | The preconditioned exosomes promoted angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic rats |
Diabetic wounds[58] | Exosomes with a bioactive nano-dressing | Adipose stromal cells | The nanodressing-conjugated exosomes significantly enhanced tissue remodeling and re-epithelialization |
Table 3 Loaded exosomes in the treatment of diabetic wounds
Pathology | Source of exosome | Modification | Outcome |
Diabetic ulcerative wounds[15] | Adipose-derived stem cells | Nrf2 | Treatment of animal models with exosomes high in Nrf2 expression significantly reduced ulceration area and promoted angiogenesis |
Diabetes-associated impaired wound healing[50] | Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells | mmu_circ_0000250 | Exosomes modified to contain more mmu_circ_0000250 had a greater effect than unmodified exosomes in endothelial repair in diabetic rats |
Diabetes-associated impaired wound healing[84] | Mesenchymal stem cells | ATV | ATV-loaded exosomes enhanced angiogenesis and tissue repair in animal models compared to unmodified exosomes |
Diabetic wounds[86] | Mesenchymal stem cells | MiR-155 inhibitor | Loaded exosomes promoted anti-inflammatory action and enhanced re-epithelialization |
Diabetic wounds[87] | Adipose stem cells | MiR-21-5P | Loaded exosomes promoted re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. MiR-21-5P was protected from degradation |
- Citation: Littig JPB, Moellmer R, Agrawal DK, Rai V. Future applications of exosomes delivering resolvins and cytokines in facilitating diabetic foot ulcer healing. World J Diabetes 2023; 14(1): 35-47
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v14/i1/35.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v14.i1.35