Decabromodiphenyl ether causes insulin resistance and glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in mice

doi:10.4239/wjd.v12.i8.1267

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Aug 15, 2021 (publication date) through Feb 11, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2021; 12(8): 1267-1281
Published online Aug 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i8.1267

Table 1 Primer sequences for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions

Gene	Primer sequences (5'→3')	Length/bp
PPARγ	F-CTCCAAGAATACCAAAGTGCGA	104
	R-GCCTGATGCTTTATCCCCACA
Adiponectin	F-ATCTGGAGGTGGGAGACCAA	144
	R-GGGCATTGGGTAGTTGCAGT
β-actin	F-AGAGGGAAATCGTGCGTGACATCAAAGAG	196
	R-GATGCCACAGGATTCCATACCCAAGAAGG
Leptin	F: AGAGTGACAGGAAGTGCTGAGAGG	106
	R: TCTGACACCAGCCACCACGAG

Table 2 Comparisons of fasting blood glucose, homeostatic assessment model of insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity index, and insulin of mice in each group

Group	FINS (mIU/L)	ISI	HOMA-IR	FBG
High dose	20.91 ± 0.96^a^,^b^,^c	0.78 ± 0.13^a^,^b^,^c	8.38 ± 0.44^a	8.85 ± 0.35^a^,^b^,^c
Medium-high dose	21.71 ± 0.56^a^,^b^,^c	0.94 ± 0.11^a^,^b^,^c	8.28 ± 0.37^a	8.58 ± 0.32^a^,^b^,^c
Medium dose	23.87 ± 0.46^a^,^c	1.05 ± 0.32^a^,^c	8.15 ± 0.43^a	7.81 ± 0.49^a
Medium-low dose	24.89 ± 0.27^a^,^c	1.08 ± 0.11^a^,^c	7.76 ± 0.53	7.02 ± 0.44
Low dose	26.02 ± 0.84^a	1.41 ± 0.21	7.56 ± 0.61	6.53 ± 0.39
Control	27.37 ± 0.28	1.57 ± 0.08	7.57 ± 0.65	6.52 ± 0.68
F value	61.06	2.968	2.719	28.574
P value	0.001	0.027	0.038	0.001

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

^bP < 0.05 compared with the medium dose group.

^cP < 0.05 compared with the low dose group. FINS: Fasting insulin; ISI: Insulin sensitivity index; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic assessment model of insulin resistance; FBG: Fasting blood glucose.

Table 3 Comparisons of blood lipid indexes in mice of each group (mmoL/L)

Group	TC	TG	LDL-C	HDL-C
High dose	5.29 ± 1.20^a^,^b^,^c	1.46 ± 0.36^a^,^b^,^c	2.44 ± 0.21^a^,^b^,^c	1.33 ± 0.12^a^,^b^,^c
Medium-high dose	4.64 ± 0.49^a	1.12 ± 0.11^a	2.14 ± 0.29^a^,^c	1.51 ± 0.12^a^,^c
Medium dose	3.67 ± 0.49^a	0.97 ± 0.14^a	1.95 ± 0.49^a^,^c	1.53 ± 0.17^a
Medium-low dose	3.48 ± 0.64^a	0.92 ± 0.18^a	1.78 ± 0.34^a	1.72 ± 0.10^a
Low dose	3.36 ± 1.11^a	0.91 ± 0.06^a	1.70 ± 0.15^a	1.73 ± 0.10^a
Control	2.95 ± 1.35	0.75 ± 0.07	1.27 ± 0.15	1.95 ± 0.10
F value	5.38	10.32	13.3	17.44
P value	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001

TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Tri-glyceride; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol.

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

^bP < 0.05 compared with the medium dose group.

^cP < 0.05 compared with the low dose group.

Table 4 Comparison of relative expression levels of adiponectin, leptin, and peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γ genes in liver tissue of mice in each group (X ± S, 2^-ΔΔCt)

Group	n	*Adp*	*LEP*	*PPARγ*
High dose	6	1.85 ± 0.25^a^,^c	3.27 ± 0.80^a^,^b^,^c	2.96 ± 0.98^a
Medium-high dose	6	2.25 ± 0.37^a^,^c	2.61 ± 0.62^a^,^b^,^c	2.93 ± 0.95^a
Medium dose	6	2.63 ± 0.41^a	1.58 ± 0.48	2.56 ± 1.18^a
Medium-low dose	6	3.24 ± 0.99^a	1.47 ± 0.59	1.68 ± 0.71
Low dose	6	3.38 ± 0.89^a	1.09 ± 0.57	1.71 ± 0.24
Control	6	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00
F value		13.38	15.16	5.61
P value		0.001	0.001	0.001

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

^bP < 0.05 compared with the medium dose group.

^cP < 0.05 compared with the low dose group. Adp: Adiponectin; LEP: leptin; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γ.

Table 5 Comparison of relative expression levels of adiponectin, leptin, and proliferators activated receptor-γ genes in adipose tissue of mice in each group (X ± S, 2^-ΔΔCt)

Group	n	*Adp*	*LEP*	*PPARγ*
High dose	6	0.97 ± 0.16^b^,^c	3.12 ± 1.86^a^,^b^,^c	1.39 ± 0.31^a^,^c
Medium-high dose	6	1.27 ± 0.34^c	2.35 ± 1.08^a^,^c	1.35 ± 0.21^a^,^c
Medium dose	6	1.24 ± 0.32^c	1.59 ± 1.19	1.17 ± 0.34^a^,^c
Medium-low dose	6	1.52 ± 0.54^a	1.35 ± 0.76	0.90 ± 0.20
Low dose	6	1.61 ± 0.43^a	1.32 ± 0.46	0.72 ± 0.10
Control	6	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.20
F value		3.36	3.35	7.85
P value		0.016	0.016	0.001

^aP < 0.05 compared with the control group.

^bP < 0.05 compared with the medium dose group.

^cP < 0.05 compared with the low dose group. Adp: Adiponectin; LEP: Leptin; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γ.

Citation: Alimu A, Abudureman H, Wang YZ, Li MY, Wang JS, Liu ZL. Decabromodiphenyl ether causes insulin resistance and glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in mice. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(8): 1267-1281
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i8/1267.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i8.1267