Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. Dec 15, 2021; 12(12): 2119-2129
Published online Dec 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2119
Published online Dec 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2119
Table 1 Characteristics of male participants according to appendicular skeletal muscle mass (%) quartiles, n (%)
Male | Quartiles of ASM% | P value | Female | Quartiles of ASM% | P value | ||||||
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||||
n = 343 | n = 343 | n = 343 | n = 342 | n = 649 | n = 651 | n = 649 | n = 650 | ||||
Age (yr) | 61.6 ± 8.8 | 63.2 ± 8.9a | 63.2 ± 8.9a | 69.4 ± 10.1a | < 0.001 | Age, yr | 60.8 ± 8.7 | 61.7 ± 8.8a | 62.9 ± 9.4a | 64.8 ± 9.7a | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 2.9 | 24.3 ± 3.4a | 24.3 ± 3.4a | 25.6 ± 2.9a | < 0.001 | Weight, kg | 55.1 ± 8.1 | 58.0 ± 8.3a | 59.8 ± 8.6a | 62.6 ± 9.7a | < 0.001 |
WC, cm | 80.6 ± 9.1 | 85.8 ± 7.7a | 85.8 ± 7.7a | 91.7 ± 8.5a | < 0.001 | BMI, kg/m2 | 22.0 ± 2.7 | 23.5 ± 2.9a | 24.4 ± 3.1a | 26.0 ± 3.7a | < 0.001 |
FM, kg | 17.9 ± 4.6 | 20.3 ± 4.3a | 20.3 ± 4.3a | 24.5 ± 4.9a | < 0.001 | WC, cm | 76.4 ± 7.9 | 80.5 ± 8.6a | 82.8 ± 8.5a | 87.5 ± 9.4a | < 0.001 |
FM% | 22.4 ± 4.2 | 27.2 ± 3.2a | 27.2 ± 3.2a | 33.1 ± 3.3a | < 0.001 | FM, kg | 20.0 ± 4.1 | 22.5 ± 4.2a | 24.8 ± 4.8a | 27.6 ± 5.8a | < 0.001 |
ASM% | 32.6 ± 1.9 | 30.6 ± 1.0a | 30.6 ± 1.0a | 27.2 ± 1.6a | < 0.001 | FM% | 32.2 ± 3.9 | 36.3 ± 2.9a | 38.8 ± 3.0a | 42.4 ± 3.4a | < 0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 129 ± 18 | 134 ± 17a | 134 ± 17a | 141 ± 19a | < 0.001 | ASM% | 27.7 ± 2.0 | 25.7 ± 0.8a | 24.5 ± 0.6a | 22.8 ± 1.1a | < 0.001 |
DBP, mmHg | 76 ± 11 | 78 ± 11a | 78 ± 11a | 77 ± 10 | 0.014 | SBP, mmHg | 129 ± 20 | 132 ± 19a | 135 ± 20a | 138 ± 19a | < 0.001 |
FBG, mmol/L | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 5.7 ± 1.7a | 5.7 ± 1.7a | 6.0 ± 1.7a | < 0.001 | DBP, mmHg | 72 ± 10 | 74 ± 10a | 75 ± 9 | 76 ± 10a | < 0.001 |
2hBG, mmol/L | 6.7 ± 2.5 | 7.6 ± 2.9a | 7.6 ± 2.9a | 8.9 ± 3.7a | < 0.001 | FBG, mmol/L | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.2a | 5.5 ± 1.3a | 5.7 ± 1.7a | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | 1.8 (1.2-2.5)a | 1.8 (1.2-2.5)a | 2.5 (1.7-3.9)a | < 0.001 | 2hBG, mmol/L | 6.8 ± 2.6 | 7.2 ± 2.5a | 7.7 ± 4.0a | 8.3 ± 3.4a | < 0.001 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | 1.4 (1.0-2.0)a | 1.4 (1.0-2.0)a | 1.6 (1.2-2.2)a | < 0.001 | HOMA-IR | 1.6 (1.0-2.3) | 1.8 (1.2-2.6)a | 2.1 (1.4-3.2)a | 2.3 (1.6-3.6)a | < 0.001 |
TC, mmol/L | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.8a | 4.7 ± 0.8a | 4.7 ± 0.8a | 0.049 | TG, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | 1.4 (1.0-2.0)a | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) | 1.6 (1.2-2.2)a | < 0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.40 ± 0.37 | 1.26 ± 0.29a | 1.26 ± 0.29a | 1.20 ± 0.25a | < 0.001 | TC, mmol/L | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 1.0a | < 0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.59 ± 0.72 | 2.75 ± 0.74 | 2.75 ± 0.74 | 2.72 ± 0.72a | 0.004 | HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.64 ± 0.42 | 1.54 ± 0.37a | 1.48 ± 0.34 | 1.46 ± 0.33a | < 0.001 |
LFC% | 3.9 (1.9-7.8) | 5.0 (2.3-10.8)a | 5.0 (2.3-10.8)a | 6.3 (2.6-13.3)a | < 0.001 | LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.86 ± 0.75 | 3.02 ± 0.79a | 3.04 ± 0.83a | 3.14 ± 0.86a | < 0.001 |
NAFLD n (%) | 68 (19.9) | 107 (31.2)a | 107 (31.2)a | 141 (41.2)a | < 0.001 | LFC, % | 4.8 (2.5-9.7) | 5.8 (2.7-11.6)a | 5.9 (2.7-11.8)a | 7.1 (3.2-13.6)a | < 0.001 |
DM n (%) | 42 (12.3) | 81 (23.6)a | 81 (23.6)a | 123 (35.8)a | < 0.001 | NAFLD n (%) | 171 (26.3) | 214 (32.9)a | 219 (33.7)a | 275 (42.3)a | < 0.001 |
DM n (%) | 88 (13.6) | 106 (16.3) | 152 (23.4)a | 158 (24.3)a | < 0.001 |
Table 2 Spearman analysis of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (%) and other clinical parameters
ASM% | ||
Male (r, P value) | Female (r, P value) | |
Age (years) | -0.317, < 0.001 | -0.164, < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | -0.347, < 0.001 | -0.441, < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | -0.452, < 0.001 | -0.448, < 0.001 |
FM (kg) | -0.605, < 0.001 | -0.590, < 0.001 |
FM (%) | -0.792, < 0.001 | -0.799, < 0.001 |
FBG (mmol/L) | -0.177, < 0.001 | -0.106, < 0.001 |
2hBG (mmol/L) | -0.254, < 0.001 | -0.201,< 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | -0.385, < 0.001 | -0.264, < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | -0.198, < 0.001 | -0.193, < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | -0.049, 0.071 | -0.087, < 0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.213, < 0.001 | 0.162, < 0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | -0.075, 0.006 | -0.119, < 0.001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | -0.244, < 0.001 | -0.192, < 0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | -0.075, 0.006 | -0.139, < 0.001 |
LFC (%) | -0.149, < 0.001 | -0.113, < 0.001 |
Table 3 Multivariate-adjusted associations of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (%) quartiles with diabetes mellitus
Male | Female | |
OR (95%CI, P value) | OR (95%CI, P value) | |
Unadjusted | 0.665 | 0.775 |
(0.592-0.746, < 0.001) | (0.710-0.847, < 0.001) | |
Model 1 | 0.527 | 0.505 |
(0.336-0.826, 0.005) | (0.342-0.745, 0.001) | |
Model 2 | 0.640 | 0.728 |
(0.401-1.020, 0.051) | (0.481-1.101, 0.133) | |
Model 3 | 0.537 | 0.985 |
(0.312-0.923, 0.024) | (0.614-1.580, 0.950) |
Table 4 Multivariate-adjusted associations of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (%) quartiles with diabetes mellitus in participants with or without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Male | Female | |
OR (95%CI, P value) | OR (95%CI, P value) | |
Non-NAFLD (n = 2658) | ||
Unadjusted | 0.635 | 0.770 |
(0.548-0.736, < 0.001) | (0.682-0.870, < 0.001) | |
Model 1 | 0.403 | 0.581 |
(0.221-0.735, 0.003) | (0.344-0.981, 0.042) | |
Model 2 | 0.455 | 0.807 |
(0.246-0.842, 0.012) | (0.463-1.409, 0.452) | |
Model 3 | 0.330 | 0.800 |
(0.157-0.694, 0.003) | (0.416-1.537, 0.503) | |
NAFLD (n = 1311) | ||
Unadjusted | 0.789 | 0.845 |
(0.650-0.956, 0.016) | (0.739-0.966, 0.014) | |
Model 1 | 1.259 | 0.508 |
(0.542-2.924, 0.592) | (0.265-0.975, 0.042) | |
Model 2 | 1.954 | 0.710 |
(0.788-4.851, 0.148) | (0.355-1.418, 0.332) | |
Model 3 | 1.328 | 1.106 |
(0.435-4.055, 0.619) | (0.485-2.523, 0.810) |
Table 5 Multivariate-adjusted associations of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (%) quartiles with diabetes mellitus in participants with different liver fat content, n (%)
LFC | DM | OR (95%CI, P value) | OR (95%CI, P value) |
Male | Unadjusted | After adjusted | |
Q1 (n = 389) | 82 (21.1) | 0.635 (0.504-0.799, < 0.001) | 0.308 (0.102-0.932, 0.032) |
Q2 (n = 350) | 66 (18.8) | 0.540 (0.416-0.700, < 0.001) | 0.184 (0.049-0.685, 0.012) |
Q3 (n = 306) | 74 (24.2) | 0.760 (0.599-0.963, 0.023) | 0.678 (0.158-2.908, 0.601) |
Q4(n = 325) | 116 (35.7) | 0.830 (0.665-1.035, 0.099) | 1.561 (0.440-5.539, 0.491) |
Female | |||
Q1 (n = 605) | 84 (13.9) | 0.828 (0.672-1.021, 0.077) | 0.964 (0.311-2.990, 0.949) |
Q2 (n = 642) | 92 (14.3) | 0.745 (0.609-0.913, 0.004) | 0.517 (0.170-1.578, 0.247) |
Q3 (n = 685) | 118 (17.2) | 0.739 (0.615-1.887, 0.091) | 0.750 (0.274-2.048, 0.574) |
Q4 (n = 667) | 210 (31.5) | 0.871 (0.750-1.011, 0.070) | 1.122 (0.445-2.830, 0.808) |
- Citation: Chen LY, Xia MF, Wu L, Li Q, Hu Y, Ma H, Gao X, Lin HD. Skeletal muscle loss is associated with diabetes in middle-aged and older Chinese men without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(12): 2119-2129
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i12/2119.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2119