Relationship between serum Dickkopf-1 and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.47

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2021; 12(1): 47-55
Published online Jan 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.47

Table 1 Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the four groups

	Normal healthy group	Normal albuminuria group	Microalbuminuria group	Macroalbuminuria group
n	24	24	25	24
Sex (M/F)	7/17	11/13	11/14	15/9
Age (years)	51 ± 3	54 ± 1	57 ± 2	59 ± 2
Diabetes duration (yr)	-	5.19 ± 1.33^a	9.23 ± 1.38^a	12.83 ± 1.39^a^,^b
BMI (kg/m²)	23.80 ± 0.70	25.21 ± 0.67	25.52 ± 0.91	26.10 ± 0.72^a
SBP (mmHg)	111.90 ± 3.12	134.5 ± 4.26^a	143.5 ± 4.86^a	156.1 ± 2.64^a^,^b^,^c
DBP (mmHg)	70.92 ± 1.83	85.92 ± 2.11^a	84.80 ± 3.05^a	87.50 ± 2.52^a
FPG (mmoL/L)	4.83 ± 0.09	9.98 ± 0.56^a	10.10 ± 0.72^a	9.69 ± 0.86^a
HbA_1c(%)	5.68 ± 0.05	8.90 ± 0.38^a	8.66 ± 0.36^a	8.46 ± 0.34^a
FCP (ng/mL)	1.68 ± 0.14	1.84 ± 0.17	1.88 ± 0.22	1.99 ± 0.28
FINS (uIU/mL)	7.84 ± 0.88	9.67 ± 1.71	8.21 ± 1.34	15.93 ± 5.48
HOMA-IR	1.40 (0.95, 2.38)	2.91 (1.87, 5.88)	3.84 (1.22, 5.12)	2.47 (0.66, 8.01)
TG (mmoL/L)	0.73 (0.42, 1.33)	1.69 (0.87, 2.67)	1.85 (1.07, 2.29)^a	2.10 (1.31, 5.07)^a
TC (mmoL/L)	4.67 ± 0.18	5.03 ± 0.21	4.62 ± 0.30	6.18 ± 0.40^a^,^b^,^c
LDL(mmoL/L)	2.73 ± 0.16	2.85 ± 0.18	2.73 ± 0.19	3.43 ± 0.28
HDL(mmoL/L)	1.47 ± 0.06	1.31 ± 0.09	1.10 ± 0.07^a	1.12 ± 0.09^a
SCr (umoL/L)	58.43 ± 1.71	58.79 ± 2.40	76.56 ± 5.93^a^,^b	106.3 ± 8.53^a^,^b^,^c
BUN (mmoL/L)	4.45 ± 1.71	4.87 ± 0.25	6.46 ± 0.55^a^,^b	8.28 ± 0.57^a^,^b^,^c
UA (mmoL/L)	257.0 ± 14.30	270.1 ± 16.08	337.8 ± 21.93^a	367.7 ± 19.00^a^,^b
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	126.2 ± 5.34	128.2 ± 5.77	105.2 ± 7.17^a^,^b	75.14 ± 7.50^a^,^b^,^c
UACR (mg/g)	6.55 ± 0.59	9.47 ± 1.63	103.7 ± 13.03^a^,^b	581.3 ± 46.75^a^,^b^,^c
Dickkopf-1 (ng/mL)	6.63 ± 0.29	7.52 ± 0.43	6.14 ± 0.36^b	4.73 ± 0.13^a^,^b^,^c

^aP < 0.05 vs normal healthy group.

^bP < 0.05 vs normal albuminuria group.

^cP < 0.05 vs microalbuminuria group. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1_c; FCP: Fasting C peptide; FINS: Fasting insulin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.

Table 2 Correlation analysis between Dickkopf-1 and clinical characteristics

	DKK1	P value		DKK1	P value		DKK1	P value
Age	-0.124	0.425	HbA_1c	0.368	0.001^a	HDL	0.181	0.125
DD	-0.231	0.050	FCP	-0.019	0.875	SCr	-0.325	0.005^a
BMI	-0.154	0.193	HOMA-IR	-0.004	0.975	BUN	-0.295	0.011^a
SBP	-0.369	0.001^a	TG	-0.058	0.625	UA	-0.375	0.001^a
DBP	-0.173	0.144	TC	-0.136	0.254	eGFR	0.339	0.003^a
FPG	0.121	0.309	LDL	-0.162	0.171	UACR	-0.459	0.000^a

^aP < 0.05. DD: Diabetes duration; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1_c; FCP: Fasting C peptide; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.

Table 3 Unstandardized and standardized β-coefficients for associations of Dickkopf-1 with clinical characteristics in multivariate analysis

DKK1	B	S.E.	β	t	P value	95%CI
Age	0.014	0.024	0.068	0.580	0.564	-0.034-0.061
DD	-0.031	0.030	-0.115	-1.027	0.308	-0.091-0.029
SBP	-0.017	0.010	-0.190	-1.818	0.074	-0.036-0.002
HbA_1c	0.318	0.113	0.281	2.804	0.007	0.091-0.544
UA	-0.005	0.002	-0.236	-1.953	0.055	-0.009-0.000
eGFR	-0.002	0.007	-0.047	-0.318	0.751	-0.017-0.012
UACR	-0.002	0.001	-0.280	-2.303	0.025	-0.004--0.000

DD: Diabetes duration; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1_c; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.

Table 4 Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors for proteinuria

Risk factor	B	S.E.	Wals	P value	OR	95%CI
Age	-0.010	0.043	0.052	0.820	0.990	0.910-1.077
DD	0.096	0.054	3.207	0.073	1.101	0.991-1.224
SBP	0.020	0.017	1.425	0.233	1.020	0.987-1.054
HBA_1c	0.253	0.223	1.291	0.256	1.289	0.832-1.995
eGFR	-0.019	0.015	1.697	0.193	0.981	0.953-1.010
DKK1	-0.468	0.203	5.329	0.021	0.627	0.421-0.932
UA	0.004	0.005	0.615	0.433	1.004	0.995-1.013

DD: Diabetes duration; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1_c; UA: Uric0020acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.

Citation: Hou NN, Kan CX, Huang N, Liu YP, Mao EW, Ma YT, Han F, Sun HX, Sun XD. Relationship between serum Dickkopf-1 and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(1): 47-55
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i1/47.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.47