Relationship between serum Dickkopf-1 and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes

doi:10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.47

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 12, Issue 1

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (3923)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, WORD series, HTML series, Tables (1-4) series.

Item

Count

PDF

244

WORD

173

HTML

1843

Tables (1-4)

278

Sum=2538

Publishing Process of This Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

587

Download

798

Sum=1385

Jan 15, 2021 (publication date) through May 15, 2024

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (4)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Diabetes

ISSN

1948-9358

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study

World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2021; 12(1): 47-55
Published online Jan 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.47

Table 1 Clinical and metabolic characteristics of the four groups

	Normal healthy group	Normal albuminuria group	Microalbuminuria group	Macroalbuminuria group
n	24	24	25	24
Sex (M/F)	7/17	11/13	11/14	15/9
Age (years)	51 ± 3	54 ± 1	57 ± 2	59 ± 2
Diabetes duration (yr)	-	5.19 ± 1.33^a	9.23 ± 1.38^a	12.83 ± 1.39^a^,^b
BMI (kg/m²)	23.80 ± 0.70	25.21 ± 0.67	25.52 ± 0.91	26.10 ± 0.72^a
SBP (mmHg)	111.90 ± 3.12	134.5 ± 4.26^a	143.5 ± 4.86^a	156.1 ± 2.64^a^,^b^,^c
DBP (mmHg)	70.92 ± 1.83	85.92 ± 2.11^a	84.80 ± 3.05^a	87.50 ± 2.52^a
FPG (mmoL/L)	4.83 ± 0.09	9.98 ± 0.56^a	10.10 ± 0.72^a	9.69 ± 0.86^a
HbA_1c(%)	5.68 ± 0.05	8.90 ± 0.38^a	8.66 ± 0.36^a	8.46 ± 0.34^a
FCP (ng/mL)	1.68 ± 0.14	1.84 ± 0.17	1.88 ± 0.22	1.99 ± 0.28
FINS (uIU/mL)	7.84 ± 0.88	9.67 ± 1.71	8.21 ± 1.34	15.93 ± 5.48
HOMA-IR	1.40 (0.95, 2.38)	2.91 (1.87, 5.88)	3.84 (1.22, 5.12)	2.47 (0.66, 8.01)
TG (mmoL/L)	0.73 (0.42, 1.33)	1.69 (0.87, 2.67)	1.85 (1.07, 2.29)^a	2.10 (1.31, 5.07)^a
TC (mmoL/L)	4.67 ± 0.18	5.03 ± 0.21	4.62 ± 0.30	6.18 ± 0.40^a^,^b^,^c
LDL(mmoL/L)	2.73 ± 0.16	2.85 ± 0.18	2.73 ± 0.19	3.43 ± 0.28
HDL(mmoL/L)	1.47 ± 0.06	1.31 ± 0.09	1.10 ± 0.07^a	1.12 ± 0.09^a
SCr (umoL/L)	58.43 ± 1.71	58.79 ± 2.40	76.56 ± 5.93^a^,^b	106.3 ± 8.53^a^,^b^,^c
BUN (mmoL/L)	4.45 ± 1.71	4.87 ± 0.25	6.46 ± 0.55^a^,^b	8.28 ± 0.57^a^,^b^,^c
UA (mmoL/L)	257.0 ± 14.30	270.1 ± 16.08	337.8 ± 21.93^a	367.7 ± 19.00^a^,^b
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	126.2 ± 5.34	128.2 ± 5.77	105.2 ± 7.17^a^,^b	75.14 ± 7.50^a^,^b^,^c
UACR (mg/g)	6.55 ± 0.59	9.47 ± 1.63	103.7 ± 13.03^a^,^b	581.3 ± 46.75^a^,^b^,^c
Dickkopf-1 (ng/mL)	6.63 ± 0.29	7.52 ± 0.43	6.14 ± 0.36^b	4.73 ± 0.13^a^,^b^,^c

^aP < 0.05 vs normal healthy group.

^bP < 0.05 vs normal albuminuria group.

^cP < 0.05 vs microalbuminuria group. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1_c; FCP: Fasting C peptide; FINS: Fasting insulin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.

Table 2 Correlation analysis between Dickkopf-1 and clinical characteristics

	DKK1	P value		DKK1	P value		DKK1	P value
Age	-0.124	0.425	HbA_1c	0.368	0.001^a	HDL	0.181	0.125
DD	-0.231	0.050	FCP	-0.019	0.875	SCr	-0.325	0.005^a
BMI	-0.154	0.193	HOMA-IR	-0.004	0.975	BUN	-0.295	0.011^a
SBP	-0.369	0.001^a	TG	-0.058	0.625	UA	-0.375	0.001^a
DBP	-0.173	0.144	TC	-0.136	0.254	eGFR	0.339	0.003^a
FPG	0.121	0.309	LDL	-0.162	0.171	UACR	-0.459	0.000^a

^aP < 0.05. DD: Diabetes duration; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1_c; FCP: Fasting C peptide; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.

Table 3 Unstandardized and standardized β-coefficients for associations of Dickkopf-1 with clinical characteristics in multivariate analysis

DKK1	B	S.E.	β	t	P value	95%CI
Age	0.014	0.024	0.068	0.580	0.564	-0.034-0.061
DD	-0.031	0.030	-0.115	-1.027	0.308	-0.091-0.029
SBP	-0.017	0.010	-0.190	-1.818	0.074	-0.036-0.002
HbA_1c	0.318	0.113	0.281	2.804	0.007	0.091-0.544
UA	-0.005	0.002	-0.236	-1.953	0.055	-0.009-0.000
eGFR	-0.002	0.007	-0.047	-0.318	0.751	-0.017-0.012
UACR	-0.002	0.001	-0.280	-2.303	0.025	-0.004--0.000

DD: Diabetes duration; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1_c; UA: Uric acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.

Table 4 Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors for proteinuria

Risk factor	B	S.E.	Wals	P value	OR	95%CI
Age	-0.010	0.043	0.052	0.820	0.990	0.910-1.077
DD	0.096	0.054	3.207	0.073	1.101	0.991-1.224
SBP	0.020	0.017	1.425	0.233	1.020	0.987-1.054
HBA_1c	0.253	0.223	1.291	0.256	1.289	0.832-1.995
eGFR	-0.019	0.015	1.697	0.193	0.981	0.953-1.010
DKK1	-0.468	0.203	5.329	0.021	0.627	0.421-0.932
UA	0.004	0.005	0.615	0.433	1.004	0.995-1.013

DD: Diabetes duration; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1_c; UA: Uric0020acid; eGFR: Estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.

Citation: Hou NN, Kan CX, Huang N, Liu YP, Mao EW, Ma YT, Han F, Sun HX, Sun XD. Relationship between serum Dickkopf-1 and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(1): 47-55
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i1/47.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.47