Shared (epi)genomic background connecting neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Subset of genetic variants and genes found to be associated with type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, as well as those associated with type 1 diabetes and Parkinson’s disease[36,39,41-43,49,50]; Biological functions have been obtained from literature data[7,22,39,49,51-56] and GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org)

Gene symbol	Gene name	Genomic location	SNP	Biological function	Potential associated diseases
IDE	Insulin degrading enzyme	10q23.33	rs6583817	Insulin clearance	T2D/AD
IDE/HHEX	Insulin degrading enzyme/hematopoietically expressed homeobox		rs1544210	Insulin clearance/transcriptional repression
TP53INP1	Tumor protein P53 inducible nuclear protein 1	8q22.1	rs896854	Cell stress response, autophagy activation, cell cycle regulation
TP53INP1/NDUFAF6	Tumor protein P53 inducible nuclear protein 1/NADH:Ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 6		rs6982393	Cell stress response, autophagy activation, cell cycle regulation Mitochondrial function
			rs4734295
NDUFAF6	NADH:Ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 6		rs7812465	Mitochondrial function
TOMM40	Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40	19q13.32	rs2075650
BTBD16/PLEKHA1	BTB domain containing 16/pleckstrin homology domain containing A1	10q26.13	rs10510109	Apoptosis regulation/plasma membrane function
PLEKHA1	Pleckstrin homology domain containing A1		rs2421016	Plasma membrane function
PVRL2	Poliovirus receptor-like 2	19q13.32	rs6859	Cell junctions, inflammation
APOC1	Apolipoprotein C1		rs111789331	Lipid metabolism
			rs12721046
			rs12721051
			rs4420638
			rs56131196
			rs66626994
DNM3	Dynamin 3	1q24.3	rs4504922	Vesicle transport, phagocytosis
			rs7539972
ADCY5	Adenylate cyclase 5	3q21.1	rs2877709	Chemokine signaling, insulin secretion
CDC123	Cell division cycle 123	10p14-p13	rs11257655	Cell cycle regulation	T2D/PD
CDKN2B	Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2B	9p21.3	rs2383208
			rs10965250
			rs10811661
KANSL1	KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1	17q21.31	rs17661428	Transcriptional activation	T1D/PD
CXCR4	C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4	2q22.1	rs2011946	Inflammation, neuronal development
MAP3K14	Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14	17q21.31	rs2867316
CRHR1	Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1		rs393152	Hormonal signaling, stress and immune response

AD: Alzheimer’s disease; PD: Parkinson’s disease; T1D: Type 1 diabetes; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism.