Evidence-Based Medicine
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2019; 10(4): 260-268
Published online Apr 15, 2019. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i4.260
Table 1 Demographics, body composition and biochemical parameters and comparison amongst genders and obese vs non obese
DescriptionOverallMalesFemalesP valueOverweight and obese (BMI > 23 kg/m2)Non obese (BMI < 23 kg/m2)P value
n167749376 (50% Females)91 (60.4% Females)
Anthropometric parameters
Median age (IQR) in yr20 (27-20)21(29-20)20(23-20)0.13621 (35.5-20)20 (21-20)< 0.01
Mean height (SD) in cm168 (9.2)172 (8.2)164.8 (8.7)< 0.01167.9 (9.7)168.1 (8.8)0.837
Mean weight (SD) in kg65.0 (4.4)70.2 (14.9)60.9 (12.6)< 0.0175.1 (14.1)56.6 (7.7)< 0.01
Mean BMI (SD) in kg/m223 (4.6)23.7 (5.1)23.7 (5.1)0.05626.6 (4.3)19.9 (1.8)< 0.01
Mean waist circumference (SD) in cm79.1 (12.8)83.3 (13.3)75.7 (11.3)< 0.0186.9 (12.4)72.5 (8.8)< 0.01
Body composition
Mean total body fat % (SD)22.1 (8.7)19.7 (9.0)23.9 (8.0)< 0.0127.5 (7.5)17.5 (6.8)< 0.01
Under fat n (%)44 (26.3)5 (6.8)39 (41.9)< 0.013 (3.9)41 (45)< 0.01
Healthy n (%)78 (46.7)38 (51.4)40 (43)< 0.0133 (43.4)45 (49.4)< 0.01
Over fat n (%)21 (12.6)11 (14.9)10 (10.8)< 0.0119 (25)2 (2.1)< 0.01
Obese n (%)24 (14.4)20 (27)4 (4.3)< 0.0121 (27.6)3 (3.2)< 0.01
Mean total body water %55.7 (6.1)57.8 (6.3)54.1 (5.4)< 0.0152.3 (4.9)58.6 (5.5)0.255
Ideal body water n (%)142 (85)61 (82.4)81 (87.1)0.23568 (89.4%)74 (81.3%)< 0.01
Mean muscle mass (SD) in kg45.7 (7.9)50.2 (8.4)42 (5.1)< 0.0146.3 (8.7)45.1 (7.2)0.357
Median BMR (IQR) in kcal1501 (1750-1336)1732 (1875-1551)1377 (1525-1300)< 0.011690 (1892.5-1421.5)1417 (1612-1308)< 0.01
Median bone mass (IQR) in kg2.5 (3-2.1)2.9 (3.2-2.6)2.2 (2.4-2)< 0.012.9 (3.2-2.3)2.2 (2.8-2.0)< 0.01
Healthy bone mass n (%)71 (42.5)31 (41.9)40 (43)0.88436 (47.3%)35 (38.4%)0.273
Biochemical parameters
Median leptin (ng/mL)2.2 (4.5-1.0)1.3 (3.60-0.54)2.71 (4.76-1.66)< 0.013.0 (5.8-1.5)1.7 (3.4- -0.7)< 0.01
Elevated serum leptin n (%)17 (10.2)7 (9.5)10 (10.8)0.7849 (11.8%)8 (8.8%)0.61
Median 25OHD (IQR) in ng/mL12.1 (16.1-7.7)12.5 (16-8.5)11.5 (16.6-7.5)0.87712.1 (16.8-8.5)12 (15.9-7.1)0.479
25OHD status: Deficiency n (%)149 (89.2)69 (93.2)80 (86)67 (88.1%)82 (90.1%)
25OHD status: Insufficiency n (%)10 (6)5 (6.8)5 (5.4)0.034 (5.2%)6 (6.5%)0.585
Sufficiency n (%)8 (4.8)-8 (8.6)5 (6.5%)3 (3.2%)
Mean total cholesterol (SD) in mg/dL175.8 (46.3)172 (49.4)178.8 (43.7)0.345180.8 (48.6)171 ± 440.199
Mean HDL (SD) in mg/dL41.1 (9.6)40.4 (10)41.6 (9.2)0.4440.5 (9.4)41.540.5 ± 9.49.70.498
Mean non-HDL (SD) in mg/dL134.7 (47.2)131.5 (52.4)137.2 (42.8)0.44614040.5 (9.450.1)13040.5 ± 9.444.40.163
Table 2 Correlation of metabolic and biochemical factors with serum log leptin according to gender distribution
GendernBMI (kg/m2)Waist circumference (cm)Total body fat %Total body water %Muscle mass (kg)BMR (kcal)Bone mass (kg)Total cholesterol (mg/dL)Mean HDL(mg/dL)Mean non-HDL(mg/dL)Log 25OHD (ng/mL)
Male740.25610.25610.472-0.3312-0.4992-0.018-0.206-0.053-0.139-0.023-0.4792
Female930.37720.36220.3222-0.27120.02-0.332b0.247a-0.169-0.176-0.135-0.102
Overall1670.23920.18110.4452-0.3642-0.4262-0.047-0.137-0.72-0.127-0.045-0.2752
Table 3 Multiple regression analysis of serum leptin determinants
Independent variablesStandardized βT valueP value95%CI for BCollinearity statistics
ToleranceVIF
BMI0.0171.0570.292-0.015-0.0490.2384.208
BMR0.0002.2810.0240.000-0.0010.3962.526
Muscle mass-0.265-2.9950.003-0.032-0.0070.5301.885
Body water (%)0.3081.8750.063-0.002-0.0600.1476.792
Body fat (%)0.4882.5880.0110.008-0.0580.1297.751
Bone mass-0.191-2.1370.034-0.032-0.0070.5231.912
Waist Circumference-0.022-0.2010.841-0.011-0.0090.4682.138
Log 25OHD-0.253-3.8160.000-0.720-0.2320.9441.060
Male gender-0.186-2.1550.033-0.419-0.0180.5221.916