Oxidative stress, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figure 1 Summarized of obesity and metabolic syndrome elevate in oxidative stress. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; MetS: Metabolic syndrome.

Math 1 Math(A1).

Figure 2 Increased oxidative stress by xanthine oxidase. NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Figure 3 The chain reaction of lipid peroxidation.

Math 2 Math(A1).

Figure 4 Summarized the increasing reactive oxygen species in obesity, metabolic syndrome and salt sensitive hypertension. FFA: Free fatty acid; MetS: Metabolic syndrome; HT: Hypertension; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance.

Figure 5 Summarizes the reactive oxygen species associations with atherosclerosis and sources of reactive oxygen species production in type 2 diabetes. oxLDL: Oxidized low density lipoprotein; FFA: Free fatty acids; AGEs: Advanced glycation end-products; VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cells; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.

Figure 6 Insulin resistancedevelopment and consequence of β-cell dysfunction. FFA: Free fatty acid.

Figure 7 Summarized the etiology of the type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. FFA: Free fatty acid; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α.

Figure 8 Connection between life style, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, inflammation and atherosclerosis. FFA: Free fatty acid; NO: Nitric oxide; MNC: Mononuclear cells; PMN: Polymorpho nuclear cells; CRP: C-reactive protein; MIF: Migration inhibitory factor.