Antidiabetic combination therapy and cardiovascular outcomes: An evidence-based approach

Figure 1 The putative mechanisms for cardiovascular protection associated with the use of glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide-1 receptor agonists. GLP-1: Glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide-1.

Figure 2 The putative mechanisms for cardiovascular protection associated with the use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. DKA: Diabetes ketoacidosis; BP: Blood pressure; NEFA: Non-esterified fatty acids; SGLT2: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglycerides; CNS: Central nervous system; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.

Figure 3 Shows the mechanisms of cardiorenal therapeutic benefits of glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, and their combination. LDL: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; CV: Cardiovascular; MACE: Major adverse cardiac event; HF: Heart failure; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; GLP1RA: Glucagon-like insulinotropic peptide-1 receptor agonists; SGLT2i: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor.