Elevated waist-to-hip ratio, as an abdominal obesity index, predicts the risk of diabetic kidney injury

Figure 1 Relationship between basic characteristics and waist-to-hip ratio, visceral fat area to subcutaneous fat area ratio, the kidney injury classification of patients in each condition. A: Comparison of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), visceral fat area to subcutaneous fat area ratio (VSR), and severity of kidney injury between groups in terms of sex; B: Comparison of WHR, VSR, and severity of kidney injury between groups in terms of age. Herein, 18-55 represented individuals aged between 18 and 55 years; > 55 means individuals aged > 55 years old; C: Comparison of WHR, VSR, and severity of kidney injury between groups in terms of body mass index (BMI). < 24: BMI value was < 24; > 24: BMI value was > 24; D: Comparison of WHR, VSR, and severity of kidney injury between patients with hypertension and normal blood pressure. High: The patients with systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg; E: Comparison of WHR, VSR, and severity of kidney injury between groups in terms of type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) duration. 0-5: The individuals suffered from T2DM no more than 5 years; > 5: The individuals suffered from T2DM for > 5 years; F: Exploring the impact of smoking on WHR, VSR, and kidney disease progression; G: Exploring the impact of drinking on WHR, VSR, and kidney disease progression. ^cP < 0.001. Y: The patients experienced smoking; N: The blank of smoking history; BMI: Body mass index; T2DM: Type 2 diabetic mellitus; NAU: Normal albuminuria; MAU: Microalbuminuria; CAU: Clinical proteinuria; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; VSR: Visceral fat area to subcutaneous fat area ratio.

Figure 2 Waist-to-hip ratio not visceral fat area to subcutaneous fat area ratio level was elevated following severity of kidney diseases. A: Level of visceral fat area to subcutaneous fat area ratio; B: The level of waist-to-hip ratio. ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. NAU: Normal albuminuria; MAU: Microalbuminuria; CAU: Clinical proteinuria; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; VSR: Visceral fat area to subcutaneous fat area ratio.

Figure 3 Impact of different waist-to-hip ratio level on serum lipids and renal function in type 2 diabetic mellitus patients. A: Levels of triglyceride (TG); B: Levels of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); C: Levels of the data of log (TG/HDL-C); D: Levels of urine acid; E: Levels of HDL-C. Low waist-to-hip ratio: 0.7556-0.9451; High waist-to-hip ratio: 0.9452-1.1319; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AIP: The data of log (triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol).