Growth hormone improves insulin resistance in visceral adipose tissue after duodenal-jejunal bypass by regulating adiponectin secretion

Figure 1 Body weight, energy intake and glucose metabolism of duodenal-jejunal bypass and control groups. A: Schematic timeline of experiment; B: Schematic of duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery; C: Body weight; D: Energy intake; E: Fasting blood glucose; F: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of DJB and control group; G: Area under curve for OGTT; H: Homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance of DJB and control group. Control vs DJB, ^aP < 0.001 or ns = not significant. STZ: Streptozotocin; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; DJB: Duodenal-jejunal bypass; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance; AUC: Area under curve.

Figure 2 Morphological and transcriptomic evaluation of adipose tissue. A: Fat/body weight ratio; B: Visceral adipose tissue (VAT)/subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in control and duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) group; C: Morphological evaluation of VAT and SAT in control and DJB group; D: Adipocyte area of VAT and SAT; E: Immunofluorescent staining of GLUT4 and INSR; F: Average optical density of the Immunofluorescent staining; G and H: KEGG enrichment analysis between SAT and VAT in DJB group (G) and control group (H); I and J: KEGG enrichment analysis between DJB and control group in VAT (I) and SAT (J). Control vs DJB, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.001 or ns = not significant. DJB: Duodenal-jejunal bypass; SAT: Subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT: Visceral adipose tissue; AOD: Average optical density.

Figure 3 Gene set enrichment analysis analysis in visceral adipose tissue between control group and duodenal-jejunal bypass group. A and B: Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis of insulin resistance (A) and growth hormone (B) action; C: KEGG map of growth hormone action in adipocytes; D-F: GSEA analysis of JAK-STAT signaling pathway (D), MAPK signaling pathway (E), and adipocytokine signaling pathway (F). DJB vs control group. DJB: Duodenal-jejunal bypass; SAT: Subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT: Visceral adipose tissue.

Figure 4 The functions of growth hormone and adipocytokine after duodenal-jejunal bypass. A: Serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH), adiponectin, leptin and adipsin; B and C: Western blot (B) and reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR; C) analysis of GH receptor (GHR), adiponectin, leptin and adipsin in visceral adipose tissue; D: Oil red O staining of mature adipocytes; E: Phase microscope of primary visceral adipocyte; F and G: Western blot (F) and RT-qPCR (G) analysis of GHR, adiponectin, leptin and adipsin in mature adipocytes; H and I: Western blot (H) and RT-qPCR (I) analysis of GHR, adiponectin, leptin and adipsin in primary visceral adipocyte; J: Immunofluorescent staining of GLUT4 and INSR of mature adipocytes with or without Adiponectin knockdown; K: Average optical density of Immunofluorescent staining. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. GH: Growth hormone; GHR: Growth hormone receptor; PA: Palmitic acid; HG: High glucose; DJB: Duodenal-jejunal bypass; SAT: Subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT: Visceral adipose tissue; AOD: Average optical density.