Mechanisms of altered bone remodeling in children with type 1 diabetes

Figure 1 Mechanisms underlying altered bone remodeling in type-1-diabetes. APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli; BMP6: Bone morphogenetic protein-6; BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; CK1: Casein kinase I; CTX: C-terminal cross-link of collagen; DKK-1: Dickkopf-1; DVL: Disheveled; GH: Growth hormone; GSIS: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; IR: Insulin receptor; IGF1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF1R: Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; IGFBPs: IGF-1 binding proteins; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; LPR5/6: LDL receptor related protein 5; OCN: Osteocalcin; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; RANK: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand; RUNX2: Related transcription factor 2; SOST: Sclerostin; TCF/LEF: T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor.