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©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Mar 10, 2016; 7(5): 89-100
Published online Mar 10, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i5.89
Published online Mar 10, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i5.89
Role of vitamin D in diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease
Akio Nakashima, Keitaro Yokoyama, Takashi Yokoo, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
Akio Nakashima, Mitsuyoshi Urashima, Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
Author contributions: Nakashima A, Yokoyama K and Yokoo T contributed equally to the work performing the literature review and writing the manuscript; Urashima M provided support with proofing and editing paper; all authors reviewed and edited the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Mitsuyoshi Urashima, MD, PhD, MPH, Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan. urashima@jikei.ac.jp
Telephone: +81-3-34331111 Fax: +81-3-54001250
Received: August 28, 2015
Peer-review started: September 5, 2015
First decision: November 24, 2015
Revised: December 24, 2015
Accepted: January 16, 2016
Article in press: January 19, 2016
Published online: March 10, 2016
Processing time: 188 Days and 12 Hours
Peer-review started: September 5, 2015
First decision: November 24, 2015
Revised: December 24, 2015
Accepted: January 16, 2016
Article in press: January 19, 2016
Published online: March 10, 2016
Processing time: 188 Days and 12 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Vitamin D plays an essential role in diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The relationship between vitamin D and insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction are pointed out. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked with the renin-angiotensin system and inflammation, which may be associated with the cause and progression CKD. There is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for DM and CKD. Clinical trials with sufficient sample size, study periods, and optimal doses of vitamin D supplementation are still needed.