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©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2015; 6(3): 500-507
Published online Apr 15, 2015. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.500
Published online Apr 15, 2015. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.500
Tyrosine isomers and hormonal signaling: A possible role for the hydroxyl free radical in insulin resistance
Gergő A Molnár, Esztella Zsóka Mikolás, István András Szijártó, Szilárd Kun, Eszter Sélley, István Wittmann, 2nd Department of Medicine and Nephrological Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
Author contributions: Molnár GA and Wittmann I designed the research; Mikolás EZ, Szijártó IA, Kun S and Sélley E performed the research; Molnár GA and Wittmann I wrote the paper.
Supported by The European Union and the State of Hungary and co-financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001 National Excellence Program.
Conflict-of-interest: All authors have nothing to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: István Wittmann, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, Head of the Department, 2nd Department of Medicine and Nephrological Center, University of Pécs, Pacsirta Str. 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary. istvan.wittmann@aok.pte.hu
Telephone: +36-72-536050 Fax: +36-72-536051
Received: September 3, 2014
Peer-review started: September 4, 2014
First decision: November 19, 2014
Revised: December 5, 2014
Accepted: January 9, 2015
Article in press: January 12, 2015
Published online: April 15, 2015
Peer-review started: September 4, 2014
First decision: November 19, 2014
Revised: December 5, 2014
Accepted: January 9, 2015
Article in press: January 12, 2015
Published online: April 15, 2015
Core Tip
Core tip: Hydroxyl-free radical-derived amino acids, such as meta- and ortho-tyrosine (m- and o-Tyr, respectively) are regarded as free radical markers, but they may also be taken up and incorporated into blood vessel walls, erythroid precursors and endothelial cells. These pathological amino acids can induce vascular insulin and acetylcholine, as well as cellular erythropoietin resistance.