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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2025; 16(1): 98948
Published online Jan 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i1.98948
Published online Jan 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i1.98948
Diabetes mellitus and glymphatic dysfunction: Roles for oxidative stress, mitochondria, circadian rhythm, artificial intelligence, and imaging
Kenneth Maiese, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20810, United States
Author contributions: Maiese K conceived, designed, and wrote this article.
Supported by American Diabetes Association; American Heart Association; NIH NIEHS; NIH NIA; NIH NINDS; and NIH ARRA.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The author reports no conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Kenneth Maiese, MD, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Bethesda, MD 20810, United States. wntin75@yahoo.com
Received: July 10, 2024
Revised: August 28, 2024
Accepted: November 20, 2024
Published online: January 15, 2025
Processing time: 143 Days and 3.4 Hours
Revised: August 28, 2024
Accepted: November 20, 2024
Published online: January 15, 2025
Processing time: 143 Days and 3.4 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant disorder across the globe affecting almost five hundred million individuals with significant disability that can involve musculoskeletal disease as well as cognitive loss. Multiple pathways can lead to DM that can affect the critical function of the brain’s glymphatic function, but the targeting of novel mechanisms tied to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, circadian rhythm impairment, and new techniques such as artificial intelligence and imaging protocols offer exciting prospects for clinical care and treatment.