Piko N, Bevc S, Ekart R, Petreski T, Vodošek Hojs N, Hojs R. Diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: Non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular risk. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(7): 975-996 [PMID: 34326949 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.975]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Radovan Hojs, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, Maribor 2000, Slovenia. radovan.hojs@guest.arnes.si
Research Domain of This Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Nejc Piko, Robert Ekart, Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
Sebastjan Bevc, Tadej Petreski, Nina Vodošek Hojs, Radovan Hojs, Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
Sebastjan Bevc, Robert Ekart, Tadej Petreski, Radovan Hojs, Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
Author contributions: Piko N, Bevc S and Hojs R contributed to the conception and design of the manuscript; Piko N, Bevc S, Hojs R, Petreski T, Vodošek Hojs N and Ekart R drafted the article, made critical revisions related to the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest exists. This article has previously not been published elsewhere in any shape or form.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Radovan Hojs, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, Maribor 2000, Slovenia. radovan.hojs@guest.arnes.si
Received: January 26, 2021 Peer-review started: January 26, 2021 First decision: February 25, 2021 Revised: March 4, 2021 Accepted: April 26, 2021 Article in press: April 26, 2021 Published online: July 15, 2021
Core Tip
Core Tip: The culmination of traditional and non-traditional atherosclerosis risk factors in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease leads to fulminant and advanced atherosclerosis, consequently resulting in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Non-invasive cardiovascular risk assessment should therefore be performed in all these patients and can be based on standard laboratory parameters, cytokines and markers of oxidative stress, 24 h blood pressure measurements, ankle-brachial index, arterial stiffness parameters, imaging techniques and epigenetic markers. In this review article, we present different methods of non-invasive cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.
