Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2017; 8(7): 358-364
Published online Jul 15, 2017. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i7.358
Quality of sleep and its determinants among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Northwest of Iran
Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran, Jafar Ataei, Ayyoub Malek, Manochehr Iranparvar-Alamdari, Nayyereh Aminisani
Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran, Nayyereh Aminisani, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran
Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran, Injury Epidemiology Prevention Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran
Jafar Ataei, Khalkhal Health Center, School of Khalkhal Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 5618953141, Iran
Ayyoub Malek, Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran
Manochehr Iranparvar-Alamdari, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 5618985991, Iran
Author contributions: All the authors contributed to this manuscript.
Supported by Research Council, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences grant, No. 5.53.4452.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Ethic Number: TBZMED.1392.5.4.7580).
Informed consent statement: All patients completed an informed consent form prior to the interview session.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Dr. Nayyereh Aminisani, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Rm 404, Golgasht St, Atar Neyshabouri St, East Azerbaijan, Tabriz 5165665931, Iran. aminisanin@tbzmed.ac.ir
Telephone: +98-41-33251876 Fax: +98-41-33357582
Received: October 21, 2016
Peer-review started: October 23, 2016
First decision: December 20, 2016
Revised: May 12, 2017
Accepted: June 6, 2017
Article in press: June 8, 2017
Published online: July 15, 2017
Processing time: 254 Days and 5.9 Hours
Abstract
AIM

To examine sleep quality and its determinants among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study conducted among diabetic patients referring to Ardabil diabetes clinic in Northwest of Iran. Information on sleep quality was collected using Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic lifestyle factors and psychological distress. This questionnaire was completed through an interview, and clinical information was extracted from patient’s record. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 23 and univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

Study participants consist of 256 people with T2DM the majority of whom were women (70%), and mean age of participants was 54.06 ± 9.09. The mean of total score of PSQI was 5.56 ± 3.34. Relative to younger age group, the middle-aged people with T2DM were twice more likely to be poor sleeper; the adjusted OR was 2.03 (95%CI: 1.01-4.08); and those with longer duration of diabetes were about 1.8 times more likely to report poor quality of sleep (ORadj = 1.77, 95%CI: 0.98-3.13). Participants with cholesterol level ≥ 240 mg/dL were about twice more likely to be poor sleeper (ORadj = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.01-3.94). The odds of being poor sleeper increased as the level of distress increased (1.84-4.09).

CONCLUSION

As indicated by the results of the present study, some factors including age, duration of disease, psychological distress and high level of cholesterol were independently associated with poor sleep quality.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Lifestyle; Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; Hypercholesterolemia; Psychological distress

Core tip: In Iran, diabetes is one of the health concerns with a prevalence of 8.5% because of lifestyle changes following rapid urbanization. Few studies have been conducted in Iran concerning quality of sleep among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the quality of sleep among people with type-2 diabetes referring to diabetes clinic in Ardabil, Northwest of Iran where diabetes is a health research priority in this province. The results showed that, age, duration of disease, psychological distress and high level of cholesterol were independently associated with poor sleep quality. Therefore, promotion of diabetes management, regular primary care and psychological consultation are recommended in order to improve sleep quality among people with type 2 diabetes.