Tang SS, Zhao XF, An XD, Sun WJ, Kang XM, Sun YT, Jiang LL, Gao Q, Li ZH, Ji HY, Lian FM. Classification and identification of risk factors for type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(2): 100371 [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.100371]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Feng-Mei Lian, MD, Professor, Research Fellow, Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China. lfm565@sohu.com
Research Domain of This Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2025; 16(2): 100371 Published online Feb 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i2.100371
Classification and identification of risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Shan-Shan Tang, Xue-Fei Zhao, Xue-Dong An, Wen-Jie Sun, Xiao-Min Kang, Yu-Ting Sun, Lin-Lin Jiang, Qing Gao, Ze-Hua Li, Hang-Yu Ji, Feng-Mei Lian
Shan-Shan Tang, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin Province, China
Xue-Fei Zhao, Xue-Dong An, Wen-Jie Sun, Xiao-Min Kang, Yu-Ting Sun, Lin-Lin Jiang, Qing Gao, Ze-Hua Li, Hang-Yu Ji, Feng-Mei Lian, Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing 100053, China
Co-first authors: Shan-Shan Tang and Xue-Fei Zhao.
Co-corresponding authors: Hang-Yu Ji and Feng-Mei Lian.
Author contributions: Ji HY and Lian FM conceptualized and designed the study; Tang SS and Zhao XF conducted the literature review, combed through the literature, and wrote the review; An XD and Sun WJ drew the images; Kang XM, Sun YT, Jiang LL, Gao Q, and Li ZH improved the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Tang SS and Zhao XF reviewed and summarized the literature and wrote the first draft of the paper. Both authors made vital and integral contributions to the completion of the project and therefore qualify as co-first authors of the paper. Ji HY and Lian FM, as co-corresponding authors, played important and integral roles in the design of the review and the preparation of the manuscript. Lian FM carried out the study design, and applied for and received funding for the research project. Ji HY reviewed and corrected the article and supervised the writing process of the manuscript. The collaboration between Ji HY and Lian FM was essential for the publication of this manuscript and therefore qualifies them as co-corresponding authors of the paper.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. T2341018; and Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. CI2023C049YLL.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Feng-Mei Lian, MD, Professor, Research Fellow, Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China. lfm565@sohu.com
Received: August 14, 2024 Revised: October 24, 2024 Accepted: November 26, 2024 Published online: February 15, 2025 Processing time: 137 Days and 21.9 Hours
Abstract
The risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been increasingly researched, but the lack of systematic identification and categorization makes it difficult for clinicians to quickly and accurately access and understand all the risk factors, which are categorized in this paper into five categories: Social determinants, lifestyle, checkable/testable risk factors, history of illness and medication, and other factors, which are discussed in a narrative review. Meanwhile, this paper points out the problems of the current research, helps to improve the systematic categorisation and practicality of T2DM risk factors, and provides a professional research basis for clinical practice and industry decision-making.
Core Tip: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as a worldwide public health problem, poses an enormous burden on public health and socioeconomics. This article summarizes the shortcomings of current research and its clinical guidance by providing a new, comprehensive, and systematic classification and identification of T2DM risk factors, in order to provide a reference for clinicians to develop T2DM prevention strategies.
