Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2024; 15(3): 331-347
Published online Mar 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.331
Practical guide: Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus
Saleh Fahad Alqifari, Omar Alkomi, Abdullah Esmail, Khadijeh Alkhawami, Shahd Yousri, Mohamad Ayham Muqresh, Nawwarah Alharbi, Abdullah A Khojah, Ahmed Aljabri, Abdulrahman Allahham, Kousalya Prabahar, Hanan Alshareef, Mohammed Aldhaeefi, Tariq Alrasheed, Ali Alrabiah, Laila A AlBishi
Saleh Fahad Alqifari, Kousalya Prabahar, Hanan Alshareef, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
Omar Alkomi, Abdullah Esmail, Khadijeh Alkhawami, Shahd Yousri, Mohamad Ayham Muqresh, Nawwarah Alharbi, Abdulrahman Allahham, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sulaiman Alrajhi University - College of Medicine, Al Bukayriyah 52726, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah A Khojah, Department of Family Medicine, Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital DSFH, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Aljabri, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Aldhaeefi, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
Tariq Alrasheed, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
Ali Alrabiah, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, Ohio, OH 45810, United States
Laila A AlBishi, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
Author contributions: Alqifari SF, Alkomi O, and Esmail A contributed to the conceptualization of this study; Alqifari SF and Alkhawami K were involved in the methodology of this review; Yousri S and Muqresh MA participated in the validation of this manuscript; Alharbi N and Khojah AA took part in the formal analysis of this article; Khojah AA and Aljabri A curated the data; Alqifari SF, Alkomi O, Esmail A, Allahham A, Prabahar K, and Alshareef H contributed to the writing-original draft preparation; Alqifari SF, Alkhawami K, Alrabiah A, and AlBishi LA were involved in the writing-review and editing; Alqifari SF, Alharbi N, and AlBishi LA took part in the visualization of this study; Alqifari SF contributed to the supervision; Alqifari SF and Alkomi O were major in the project administration; Alqifari SF and Alrabiah A contributed to the funding acquisition; and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Saleh Fahad Alqifari, PharmD, Assistant Professor, Chief Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, King Faisal Road, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia. salqifari@ut.edu.sa
Received: October 1, 2023
Peer-review started: October 1, 2023
First decision: November 21, 2023
Revised: December 6, 2023
Accepted: January 15, 2024
Article in press: January 15, 2024
Published online: March 15, 2024
Abstract

In 2005, exenatide became the first approved glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since then, numerous GLP-1 RAs have been approved, including tirzepatide, a novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RA, which was approved in 2022. This class of drugs is considered safe with no hypoglycemia risk, making it a common second-line choice after metformin for treating T2DM. Various considerations can make selecting and switching between different GLP-1 RAs challenging. Our study aims to provide a comprehensive guide for the usage of GLP-1 RAs and dual GIP and GLP-1 RAs for the management of T2DM.

Keywords: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, Diabetes mellitus, Metabolic syndrome, Dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, Clinical practice, Endocrinology

Core Tip: Various glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are available for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus including short-acting and long-acting injectables as well as one agent as an oral tablet. Furthermore, dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 RAs have now emerged as the newest addition to the long-acting injectables. With the availability of various options, the complexity of choosing, titrating, and switching between agents, especially in certain patient populations, has become increasingly challenging. We aim to provide a comprehensive practical clinical guide for practitioners regarding GLP-1 RA and dual GIP and GLP-1 RA use in everyday clinical practice.