Published online Jul 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i7.1126
Peer-review started: April 17, 2023
First decision: May 15, 2023
Revised: May 22, 2023
Accepted: June 2, 2023
Article in press: June 2, 2023
Published online: July 15, 2023
Processing time: 86 Days and 23.9 Hours
An association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and insulin resistance in obese adolescents, especially in those with various obesity categories, has not been systematically studied. There is a lack of knowledge about the effects of CRF on insulin resistance in severely obese adolescents, despite their continuous rise.
To investigate the association between CRF and insulin resistance in obese adolescents, with special emphasis on severely obese adolescents.
We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study that included 200 pubertal adolescents, 10 years to 18 years of age, who were referred to a tertiary care center due to obesity. According to body mass index (BMI), adolescents were classified as mildly obese (BMI 100% to 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex) or severely obese (BMI ≥ 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex or ≥ 35 kg/m2, whichever was lower). Participant body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. A homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was determined from submaximal treadmill exercise test. CRF was expressed as VO2max scaled by total body weight (TBW) (mL/min/kg TBW) or by fat free mass (FFM) (mL/min/kg FFM), and then categorized as poor, intermediate, or good, according to VO2max terciles. Data were analyzed by statistical software package SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A weak negative correlation between CRF and HOMA-IR was found [Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) = -0.28, P < 0.01 for CRFTBW; (rs) = -0.21, P < 0.01 for CRFFFM]. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect of CRF on HOMA-IR [F(2200) = 6.840, P = 0.001 for CRFTBW; F(2200) = 3.883, P = 0.022 for CRFFFM]. Subsequent analyses showed that obese adolescents with poor CRF had higher HOMA-IR than obese adolescents with good CRF (P = 0.001 for CRFTBW; P = 0.018 for CRFFFM). Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction confirmed significant effect of interaction of CRF level and obesity category on HOMA-IR [F(2200) = 3.292, P = 0.039 for CRFTBW]. Severely obese adolescents had higher HOMA-IR than those who were mildly obese, with either good or poor CRF. However, HOMA-IR did not differ between severely obese adolescents with good and mildly obese adolescents with poor CRF.
CRF is an important determinant of insulin resistance in obese adolescents, regardless of obesity category. Therefore, CRF assessment should be a part of diagnostic procedure, and its improvement should be a therapeutic goal.
Core Tip: The association between obesity and insulin resistance is well established. However, data concerning the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and insulin resistance in obese adolescents, especially in those with varying obesity categories, are quite limited. The results of present study show that obese adolescents with good CRF have lower homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) than obese adolescents with poor CRF. Moreover, there is no difference in HOMA-IR between severely obese adolescents with good CRF and mildly obese adolescents with poor CRF. Thus, the improvement of CRF in obese adolescents, including those with severe obesity, should be a therapeutic goal.