Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2021; 12(8): 1325-1362
Published online Aug 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i8.1325
What can we learn from β-cell failure biomarker application in diabetes in childhood? A systematic review
María F Calderón-Hernández, Nelly F Altamirano-Bustamante, Cristina Revilla-Monsalve, María Belen Mosquera-Andrade, Myriam M Altamirano-Bustamante
María F Calderón-Hernández, Cristina Revilla-Monsalve, Myriam M Altamirano-Bustamante, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico 06720, Mexico
Nelly F Altamirano-Bustamante, María Belen Mosquera-Andrade, Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico 04530, Mexico
Author contributions: Altamirano-Bustamante MM and Altamirano-Bustamante NF designed the research; Calderón-Hernández MF and Altamirano-Bustamante MM performed the research; Calderón-Hernández MF, Altamirano-Bustamante NF, Mosquera-Andrade MB, Revilla-Monsalve C and Altamirano-Bustamante MM analyzed the data; Calderón-Hernández MF, Altamirano-Bustamante NF and Altamirano-Bustamante MM wrote the paper; Altamirano-Bustamante NF and Altamirano-Bustamante MM supervised the paper; all authors read and approved the final manuscript; Calderón-Hernández MF, Altamirano-Bustamante NF and Altamirano-Bustamante MM contributed equally to this work.
Supported by Mexico’s National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), No. SALUD-2010-C02-151942; and Institute of Science and Technology of Mexico City.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have declared that no competing interest exist.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Myriam M Altamirano-Bustamante, MD, PhD, Academic Research, Research Scientist, Senior Scientist, Teacher, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Avenida Cuauhtémoc 330, Mexico 06720, Mexico. myriamab@unam.mx
Received: January 28, 2021
Peer-review started: January 28, 2021
First decision: March 30, 2021
Revised: April 12, 2021
Accepted: July 6, 2021
Article in press: July 6, 2021
Published online: August 15, 2021
Abstract
BACKGROUND

The prevalence of diabetes as a catastrophic disease in childhood is growing in the world. The search for novel biomarkers of β-cell failure has been an elusive task because it requires several clinical and biochemical measurements in order to integrate the risk of metabolic syndrome.

AIM

To determine which biomarkers are currently used to identify β-cell failure among children and adolescents with high risk factors for diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

This systematic review was carried out using a modified version of the PICO protocol (Participants/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome). Once our research question was established, terms were individually researched on three different databases (PubMed, BIREME and Web of Science). The total articles obtained underwent a selection process from which the 78 most relevant articles were retrieved to undergo further analysis. They were assessed individually according to quality criteria.

RESULTS

First, we made the classification of the β-cell-failure biomarkers by the target tissue and the evolution of the disease, separating the biomarkers in relation to the types of diabetes. Second, we demonstrated that most biomarkers currently used as early signs of β-cell failure are those that concern local or systemic inflammation processes and oxidative stress as well as those related to endothelial dysfunction processes. Third, we explored the novelties of diabetes as a protein conformational disease and the novel biomarker called real human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloid oligomers. Finally, we ended with a discussion about the best practice of validation and individual control of using different types of biomarkers in type 1 and type 2 diabetes in order to assess the role they play in the progress of diabetes in childhood.

CONCLUSION

This review makes widely evident that most biomarkers currently used as early signs of β-cell failure are those that concern local or systemic inflammation processes and oxidative stress as well as those related to endothelial dysfunction processes. Landing in the clinical practice we propose that real human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloid oligomers is good for identifying patients with β-cell damage and potentially could substitute many biomarkers.

Keywords: Biomarker, β-cell failure, Children, Adolescents, Diabetes mellitus, Metabolic syndrome

Core Tip: β-cell failure biomarkers have been an elusive task, and the searching of a molecule that will work as a biomarker and therapeutic target is a challenge. The data obtained in this study demonstrated that real human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloid oligomers could be used as a sensitive and specific marker for diabetes as a protein conformational disease.