• Concentration index
• Decomposition qualitative approach
• Diabetes mellitus
• Inequality
• Socioeconomic status
• Utilization

• Humans
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Female
• Iran
• Socioeconomic Factors
• Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data
• Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data
• Aged
• Adult
• Interviews as Topic
• Qualitative Research

• Addis Ababa
• Ethiopia
• adherence
• diabetes mellitus
• dietary recommendations

• health behavior
• medication adherence
• medication therapy management
• patient compliance

• adherence
• diabetes
• erbil
• mmas-8
• questionnaire

• Ambulatory care
• Diabetes
• Diabetes knowledge and attitude
• Health literacy
• Medication adherence
• Medication discrepancy
• Medication reconciliation

• Humans
• Female
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data
• Medication Adherence/psychology
• Adult
• Health Literacy/statistics & numerical data
• Aged
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Nigeria/epidemiology
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use

• Diabetes self-management questionnaire
• glycemic control
• self-management
• type 2 diabetes

• diabetes
• non-adherence
• peripheral district
• predictors
• self-management

• Adult
• Humans
• Female
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Blood Glucose
• Bangladesh
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Self-Management
• Diabetes Complications

• Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg
• Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS)

• Jazan Province
• Medication adherence
• Saudi Arabia
• Type-2 diabetes mellitus

• compliance
• concept analysis
• healthcare profession
• patient

• cross-sectional
• deficiency
• diabetes mellitus
• saudi arabia
• vitamin d

• Dietary pattern
• rice consumption
• roti consumption
• type 2 diabetes

• adherence
• compliance
• complications
• diabetes
• insulin
• medications

• DSR2021-prince nawaf bin abdulaziz chair-2 Prince Nawaf bin Abdulaziz Chair for Sustainable Development in collaboration with the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University under grant No (DSR2021-prince nawaf bin abdulaziz chair-2)

• Diabetes
• Health service package
• Low uptake
• Phenomenology study

• Diabetes Mellitus
• Drug adherence
• Iraq

• Humans
• Female
• Male
• Adult
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Exercise
• Diet
• Diabetes Mellitus

• adherence
• antidiabetic therapy
• diabetes mellitus type 2
• lifestyle
• physical activity

• patient engagement
• patient perspectives/narratives
• patient satisfaction
• quality improvement

• Health care services
• Integrated aging program
• Iran
• Older people
• Qualitative study

• Humans
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
• Nepal
• Diet
• Medication Adherence
• Ethiopia

Background: The Makkah region is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia. Studying medication adherence levels may help to improve general health outcomes and decrease overall health care expenditures. Methods: We used the ARMS scale to assess medication adherence. Bivariable analysis of medication non-adherence was performed. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were built to identify factors associated with medication non-adherence. Results: Participants from the Makkah region were more than two times more likely to be non-adherent to their medications compared to other regions (adjusted OR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.49–4.46). Patients who dispensed their prescriptions at their own expense were two times more likely to be non-adherents (adjusted OR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.11–4.98). Patients who had a monthly income ≤6000 SR were almost two times more likely to be non-adherents (unadjusted OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.05–2.84). Conclusion: Medication adherence is one of the most important factors to help managing the disease. We found that Makkah chronic patients are more likely to be non-adherent with their medications compared to other regions’ patients. Moreover, we found that lower monthly incomes and paying for medications out-of-pocket were significant predictors of medication non-adherence.

Poor glycemic control is a main public health problem among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and a significant cause of the development of diabetic complications. This study aimed to assess the glycemic control status and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients in Felege-Hiwot and Debre Markos Referral Hospitals. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Felege-Hiwot and Debre Markos Referral Hospitals from December 2014 to December 2015. We have reviewed the chart of these patients until January 2020. Type 2 diabetic patients on follow-up at Felege-Hiwot and Debre Markos Referral Hospitals who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study were included. The primary outcome was the level of blood glucose during the study period. Good glycemic control was defined as patients whose average fasting blood glucose measurement for three consecutive visits was between 70 and 130 mg/dL. A generalized linear mixed autoregressive order one model was used to identify the determinants of glycemic control. A total of 191 patients with 1740 observations were included in the study. The overall prevalence of good glycemic control was 58.4% (95% CI: 57.159.7%). The factors associated with good glycemic control at 95% confidence level adjusted odds ratio were being residing in rural (CI: 0.454, 0.614), negative proteinuria (CI: 1.211, 1.546), diastolic blood pressure < 90 (CI: 1.101, 1.522), systolic blood pressure < 140 (CI: 1.352, 1.895), serum creatinine (CI: 0.415, 0.660), duration per visit (CI: 0.913, 0.987), duration since diagnosis (CI: 0.985, 0.998), weight ≥ 78 kg (CI: 0.603, 0.881). Age 38–50, 51–59 and 60–66 years (CI: 1.267, 1.776), (CI: 1.057, 1.476) and (CI: 1.004, 1.403), respectively. The overall prevalence of poor glycemic control was high at Debre Markos and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital. Living in a rural area, older age (≥ 67 years), positive proteinuria, higher weight (≥ 78 kg), higher serum creatinine levels, higher duration per visit, higher time duration of T2DM since diagnosis, and developing hypertension (SBP ≥ 140, DBP ≥ 90) were the predictors of lower good glycemic control achievements of T2DM patients. In response to this finding, an aggressive intervention that targets improving glycemic control is required.

Aims

This study aimed to elucidate the level and determinants of adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to employ patient interview as a prediction tool for suboptimal adherence, for preventing and reducing complications.

Methods

In this analytical, cross-sectional study, 383 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were interviewed using an electronic, self-constructed, validated questionnaire. Patients were recruited from all Ministry of Health centers across Jeddah, through stratified random sampling. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the significance of the results.

Results

Suboptimal levels of adherence were reported by 74.9% of the participants. Predictors of suboptimal adherence are as follows: younger age (P = 0.003), employment [odd ratio (OR), 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-3.0], unavailability of reminder (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1), and non-commitment to appointments (OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1).

Conclusion

The level of adherence to OHAs was found to be suboptimal. Encountering any of the predictors of suboptimal adherence while interviewing the patient should prompt extra vigilance in the approach. Furthermore, utilizing methods to augment adherence might be prudent.

• Uganda
• antidiabetic drugs
• contributing factors
• non-adherence
• prevalence

• funded by personal resources

• Asia
• associated factors
• determinants
• diabetes mellitus
• medication adherence
• patient-related factors

Background: Patients with chronic diseases often experience difficulty adhering to recommended treatments as instructed by their healthcare professionals. Recently, diabetes has been associated with the severity of the novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19), which raises the importance of improving medication adherence for diabetic patients to enhance the right use of antidiabetics amid the Covid-19 pandemic.

Methods: This work assesses medication adherence among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and identifies the set of key demographic and health factors significantly associated with medication adherence. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on an appropriate sample of type 2 diabetic patients in the UAE, with 180 patients of both genders and various social levels. A validated version of the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) was used for data collection.

Results:  The average MMAS score was 4.88, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) 4.6 and 5.2. 61.67% (n=111), 28.89% (n=52), and 9.44% (n=17) of patients were categorized into low, medium, and high adherent groups, respectively. These findings indicate that a high level of non-compliance to antidiabetic regimens among the population in the UAE.

Conclusions: Patients demonstrated low level of compliance to antidiabetic regimens. Therefore, they must receive up-to-date knowledge about the disease and the treatment and enable easy access to their health care providers to enhance medication adherence.

• Chronic diseases
• Coronavirus
• Medication adherence
• Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

• Diabetes mellitus
• diabetes self-management questionnaire
• glycaemic control
• glycated haemoglobin
• self-management

• Blood Glucose
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
• Female
• Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis
• Humans
• Male
• Nigeria
• Self-Management
• Surveys and Questionnaires

Complete patient adherence to treatment for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is critical to limit vision loss. There is a dearth of evidence regarding the reasons why South African patients referred for suspected vision-threatening DR stay compliant to or default their treatment. The current study sought to explore factors associated with treatment compliance among patients living with diabetes who have been referred for suspected vision-threatening DR in the Northern/Tygerberg sub-Structure (NTSS) public health care system of Cape Town, South Africa. A qualitative research approach was used where semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 adult patients living with DR, and 2 key informants who are primary eye care providers. Thematic data analysis was conducted using taguette.org. Fear of going blind was the most notable patient-related factor associated with compliance. Notable patient-related barriers reported were forgetfulness and a poor state of health. Notable institution-related barriers included suboptimal information received from health care service providers, poor referral management by the organisation delivering retinal screening services, as well as the inaccessibility of the main NTSS hospital via telephone calls. All these factors were confirmed by the key informants of the current study. Finally, all patients and key informants agreed that SARS-CoV-2 negatively affected patients’ adherence to their DR treatment. Hence, scaling up of health care, referral, and appointment setting services could increase the uptake of treatment and retinal screenings among patients attending the Cape Town, NTSS public health care system.

• Cape Town
• SARS-CoV-2
• compliance behaviour
• diabetes mellitus
• diabetic retinopathy
• retinal screening

• COVID-19
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology
• Humans
• Patient Compliance
• SARS-CoV-2
• South Africa/epidemiology

• 12-item ARMS
• medication non-adherence
• self-reports
• surveys and questionnaires
• validation studies

• (RSP-2021/16) Researchers Supporting Project number, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a progressively increasing metabolic disorder and a significant public health burden that demands immediate global attention. However, there is a paucity of data about adherence to antidiabetic drugs among patients with type-2 (T2)DM in Uttarakhand, India. Outpatient research reported that more than 50% of patients do not adhere to the correct administration and appropriate medicine dosage. It has been reported that patients with chronic diseases who adhere to treatment may experience improvement in quality of life (QoL) and vice versa.

To assess the adherence to antidiabetic medication and QoL among patients with T2DM.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, India. The Medication Adherence Rating Scale and World Health Organization QoL-BREF scale were used to assess medication adherence and QoL.

Two hundred seventy-seven patients suffering from T2DM participated in the study. Their mean age was 50.80 (± 10.6) years, 155 (56%) had a poor adherence level and 122 (44%) had a good adherence level to antidiabetic medications. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, multiple linear regression analysis found patients who were adherent to antidiabetic medications had significantly higher mean overall perception of QoL and overall perception of health, with beta scores of 0.36 and 0.34, respectively (both P = 0.000) points compared with nonadherent patients.

There was an association between medication adherence and QoL in patients with T2DM. Hence, there is a need to plan awareness and counseling programs followed by regular follow-up to motivate patient adherence to recommended treatment and lifestyle regimens.

• Medication adherence
• Quality of life
• Diabetes mellitus
• Tertiary care hospital
• India

• Oman
• chronic disease
• medication adherence
• patient characteristics

• Chronic diseases
• Coronavirus
• Medication adherence
• Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

• COVID-19
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Medication Adherence
• Pandemics
• SARS-CoV-2
• United Arab Emirates/epidemiology

To assess the rate of glycemic control and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Dilchora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 13 May to 16 August 2019. Type 2 diabetic patients on follow up at Dilchora Referral Hospital who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study were included. Systematic random sampling was used to select study participants. Data was collected by a face-to-face interview and review of medical records. The primary outcome was the level of blood glucose during three consecutive visits. Poor glycemic control was defined as a blood sugar level of more than 154 mg/dL based on the average of measurements from three consecutive visits. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants of glycemic control.

A total of 394 participants responded to the interview and were included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of poor glycemic control was 45.2% (95%CI: 40.6%-50.0%). Patients who were on oral anti-diabetic drug plus insulin had more than two times greater chance of poor glycemic control than patients on oral anti-diabetic drug alone: 2.177(95%CI:1.10–4.29). The odds of poor glycemic control in patients who did not understand the pharmacist’s instructions was two times higher than patients with good understanding of instructions 1.86(95%CI: 1.10–3.13). Patients who had poor level of practice were found to have poor glycemic control: 1.69(95% CI: 1.13–2.55).

The overall prevalence of poor glycemic control was high among type 2 diabetes patients. Oral anti-diabetic drugs in combination with insulin, lack of understanding of pharmacist’s advice, and poor practice of diabetic patients were significant factors of poor glycemic control. Pharmacists should reassure the understanding of patients before discharge during counseling. Optimization of the dose of antidiabetic medications and combination of oral hypoglycemic agents should be considered.

• Adult
• Aged
• Blood Glucose/analysis
• Comorbidity
• Comprehension
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
• Drug Therapy, Combination
• Ethiopia/epidemiology
• Female
• Glycemic Control
• Humans
• Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy
• Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology
• Hypertension/drug therapy
• Hypertension/epidemiology
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
• Insulin/therapeutic use
• Logistic Models
• Male
• Medication Adherence
• Middle Aged
• Patient Education as Topic
• Pharmacists
• Professional-Patient Relations
• Risk Factors
• Rural Population
• Sampling Studies
• Socioeconomic Factors
• Urban Population
• Young Adult

• effectiveness of the treatment
• insulin
• metformin
• non-adherence
• type 2 diabetes

• any specific grant

Introduction: A number of medications have been demonstrated to lower blood glucose. However, current-day management has failed to achieve and maintain the optimal glycemic level for diabetic patients. Patients’ non-adherence is among the most contributing factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of non-adherence to anti-diabetic medications and associated factors. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021. A systematic random sampling technique was used. Data were collected by structured questionnaire adapted from different literatures. Then, data were entered into SPSS version 25 and analyzed. To determine the association of dependent and independent variables, multiple logistic regression was done. P-value <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 275 study participants were interviewed with a response rate of 100%. From this 53.8% were females, 59.3% were in the age group of 41-60 years, 35.3% were college/university graduates and 79.3% were not using social drugs. One hundred eighty-seven (68%) of them were adherent to their anti-diabetic medication. Factors found to be significantly associated with anti-diabetic medication adherence were age >60 years (AOR = .276, 95% CI = .124-.611) attending higher education (AOR = 6.203, 95% CI = 1.775-21.93), retired (AOR = 7.771, 95% CI = 1.458-41.427), housewife (AOR = 7.023, 95% CI = 1.485-33.215), average monthly income 1001birr-2000 birr (AOR = .246, 95% CI = .067-.911) and social drug use (AOR = 3.695, 95% CI = 1.599-8.542). Forgetfulness, not affording, side effects, misunderstanding of instructions, and poly-pharmacy were identified reasons for non-adherence. Conclusions and Recommendations: Patients’ adherence to anti-diabetic medications in the current study is sub-optimal. Age, monthly income, level of education, occupational status, and social drug use were associated with adherence. Forgetfulness, not affording, and side effects were reasons identified to contribute to non-adherence. Therefore, adherence counseling, use of alarms, and the way to mitigate non-affordability, including anti-diabetic medications into a program drug should be considered.

• complications
• diabetes mellitus
• glycemic control
• insulin
• saudi arabia

• charlson comorbidity index
• diabetes mellitus
• generalized estimating equation model
• health care costs
• medication adherence

• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/economics
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Female
• Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data
• Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
• Health Status Disparities
• Humans
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
• Male
• Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data
• Middle Aged
• National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data
• Needs Assessment
• Taiwan/epidemiology

• glycemic control
• jeddah
• saudi arabia
• self-care
• self-management
• type 1 diabetes
• type 2 diabetes
• uncontrolled

• Anti-diabetic
• Diabetes mellitus
• Knowledge
• Saudi Arabia
• Storage

Most disabled people have poor health status. They often have multiple diseases requiring continual medication. This study aimed to explore the factors associated with medication adherence among disabled people, with a particular focus on the factors associated with family and primary health care support. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 226 disabled individuals. The analysis was performed using an ordered logistic regression model, including 4 categories of predictor variables. We found that the community health service center played a positive role in improving medication adherence, whereas the role played by the participant’s family was more complicated. Specifically, those obtaining a brochure were more likely to have higher medication adherence (odds ratio [OR] = 2.732, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.349-5.532). Compared with those who were married, widowed participants (OR = 0.207, 95% CI = 0.069-0.620) and divorced participants (OR = 0.330, 95% CI = 0.057-1.914) had lower odds of having greater adherence, whereas the odds of having greater adherence for single participants were 1.679 times the same odds for married participants (OR = 1.679, 95% CI = 0.668-4.224). The odds of having greater medication adherence for participants receiving help with prescriptions from a family member were almost 60% lower than these odds for those who did not receive this kind of help (OR = 0.460, 95% CI = 0.216-0.979). Thus, the role played by participants’ family members was both protective and damaging, whereas the role of the community health service center was clearer. These findings merit further exploration.

• community health service center
• disabled people
• family support
• medication adherence
• primary health care

• adherence
• clinical pharmacy
• clinical trials
• heart failure
• tropical diseases

Objective: Medication adherence is defined as taking medications as advised and prescribed by health care professionals for stated duration. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to document medication adherence in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi out-patients with type 2 DM in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The study used the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) to document medication adherence in this population. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 23. Study was ethically approved.

Results: Data was collected from 212 patients. Few patients (35.8%) had high adherence to anti diabetic medications. The correlation between Hb_A1c level and adherence score was negative and significantly strong (ρ = -0.413, p < 0.0001). Most patients (N = 126, 59.4%) modified their medication therapy during month of Ramadan and on Eid occassion. Education level was not a determinant of adherence in this population.

Conclusion: This study highlighted that medication adherence is influenced by religious and social factors. Patient counseling is required to improve patient beliefs and increase awareness of adhering to prescribed anti diabetic pharmacotherapy. A pharmacist can play constructive role of a disease educator and patient counselor.

• Khobar
• Saudi Arabia
• diabetes mellitus
• medication adherence
• type II diabetes mellitus

Background: Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) are increasing with grave consequences to countries’ development. The purpose of this study was three-fold: (1) to determine challenges PURE study participants faced regarding CNCD interventions and what they required from a CNCD intervention programme, and (2) to explore courses of action Department of Health (DoH) officials thought would perform best, as well as (3) to determine what DoH officials perceive to be obstacles in addressing the CNCD epidemic.

Design and methods: A subsample of 300 participants from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological study’s Western Cape urban cohort and six key officers from the DoH were recruited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Questionnaires were used in face-to-face interviews with the PURE study participants and DoH officials, together with the multi-criteria mapper (MCM) interviewing method with the latter.

Results: Most PURE participants were overweight/obese, but not keen to participate in weight loss interventions. They sought education on foods associated with weight gain, shopping lists, cooking lessons and recipes from CNCD intervention programmes. Department of Health officials regarded the integration of health services, community participation, amongst others as the most favourable options to address the CNCD epidemic.

Conclusions: The integration of health services, community participation, food taxation and improving inter-sectoral partnerships were viewed as the most feasible options to address the CNCD epidemic according to the DoH officials. At community level, the needs for education and practical hints were expressed. Current CNCD interventions should be adapted to include the context-based needs of communities.