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Huang X, Xiu L, An Y, Gong Y, Li S, Chen X, Liu C, Lu J, Shan H, Chang J, Zhang M. Preventive Effect of Royal Jelly and 10-HDA on Skin Damage in Diabetic Mice through Regulating Keratinocyte Wnt/β-Catenin and Pyroptosis Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2400098. [PMID: 39246232 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to elucidate how Royal jelly (RJ) and 10-hydroxy-2-decanoic acid (10-HDA) prevents diabetic skin dysfunction by modulating the pyroptosis pathway. Type 2 diabetes models are induced by fat diet consumption and low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) in C57BL/6J mice and treated with RJ (100 mg kg-1 day-1) and 10-HDA, the major lipid component of royal jelly (100 mg kg-1 day-1) for 28 weeks. The results show that serum concentrations of glucose and triglyceride are significantly lower in the RJ group or 10-HDA than diabetes mellitus (DM) group. Compared to the control group, pyroptosis proteins, GSDMD, ASC, Caspase-1, and IL-1β are increased in the skin of the diabetic model, accompanied by the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Further evaluations by RJ exhibit superior improvement of skin damage, repress activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and attenuate keratinocyte pyroptosis, but 10-HDA cannot completely suppress the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and pyroptosis, which shows a relatively weak protective effect on skin damage which shows that RJ is a better effect on skin injury after DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Huang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lu Xiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yumei An
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sunao Li
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xueshi Chen
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianghuiwen Lu
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Zhang J, Luo Q, Hou J, Xiao W, Long P, Hu Y, Chen X, Wang H. Fatty acids and risk of dilated cardiomyopathy: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1068050. [PMID: 36875854 PMCID: PMC9980906 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1068050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous observational studies have shown intimate associations between fatty acids (FAs) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, due to the confounding factors and reverse causal association found in observational epidemiological studies, the etiological explanation is not credible. OBJECTIVE To exclude possible confounding factors and reverse causal associations found in observational epidemiological studies, we used the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to verify the causal relationship between FAs and DCM risk. METHOD All data of 54 FAs were downloaded from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) catalog, and the summary statistics of DCM were extracted from the HF Molecular Epidemiology for Therapeutic Targets Consortium GWAS. Two-sample MR analysis was conducted to evaluate the causal effect of FAs on DCM risk through several analytical methods, including MR-Egger, inverse variance weighting (IVW), maximum likelihood, weighted median estimator (WME), and the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier test (MRPRESSO). Directionality tests using MR-Steiger to assess the possibility of reverse causation. RESULTS Our analysis identified two FAs, oleic acid and fatty acid (18:1)-OH, that may have a significant causal effect on DCM. MR analyses indicated that oleic acid was suggestively associated with a heightened risk of DCM (OR = 1.291, 95%CI: 1.044-1.595, P = 0.018). As a probable metabolite of oleic acid, fatty acid (18:1)-OH has a suggestive association with a lower risk of DCM (OR = 0.402, 95%CI: 0.167-0.966, P = 0.041). The results of the directionality test suggested that there was no reverse causality between exposure and outcome (P < 0.001). In contrast, the other 52 available FAs were discovered to have no significant causal relationships with DCM (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings propose that oleic acid and fatty acid (18:1)-OH may have causal relationships with DCM, indicating that the risk of DCM from oleic acid may be decreased by encouraging the conversion of oleic acid to fatty acid (18:1)-OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Long
- Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- Central Laboratory, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Royal Jelly Components Encapsulation in a Controlled Release System—Skin Functionality and Biochemical Activity for Skin Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080907. [PMID: 35893731 PMCID: PMC9332036 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly is a yellowish-white substance with a gel texture that is secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of young worker bees. It consists mainly of water (50–56%), proteins (18%), carbohydrates (15%), lipids (3–6%), minerals (1.5%), and vitamins, and has many beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging. Royal jelly has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine, cosmetics and as a functional food due to its high nutritional value. The main bioactive substances are royalactin, and 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). Other important bioactive molecules with antioxidant and photoprotective skin activity are polyphenols. However, they present difficulties in extraction and in use as they are unstable physicochemically, and a higher temperature causes color change and component degradation. In the present study, a new encapsulation and delivery system consisting of liposomes and cyclodextrins incorporating royal jelly has been developed. The new delivery system aims to the elimination of the stability disadvantages of royal jelly’s sensitive component 10-HDA, but also to the controlled release of its ingredients and, more particularly, 10-HDA, for an enhanced bioactivity in cosmeceutical applications.
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Ferreira AS, Macedo C, Silva AM, Delerue-Matos C, Costa P, Rodrigues F. Natural Products for the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Mucositis-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084385. [PMID: 35457202 PMCID: PMC9030892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a major world public health problem, is associated with chemotherapy treatments whose administration leads to secondary concerns, such as oral mucositis (OM). The OM disorder is characterized by the presence of ulcers in the oral mucosa that cause pain, bleeding, and difficulty in ingesting fluids and solids, or speaking. Bioactive compounds from natural sources have arisen as an effective approach for OM. This review aims to summarize the new potential application of different natural products in the prevention and treatment of OM in comparison to conventional ones, also providing a deep insight into the most recent clinical studies. Natural products, such as Aloe vera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Camellia sinensis, Calendula officinalis, or honeybee crops, constitute examples of sources of bioactive compounds with pharmacological interest due to their well-reported activities (e.g., antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or wound healing). These activities are associated with the bioactive compounds present in their matrix (such as flavonoids), which are associated with in vivo biological activities and minimal or absent toxicity. Finally, encapsulation has arisen as a future opportunity to preserve the chemical stability and the drug bioa vailability of bioactive compounds and, most importantly, to improve the buccal retention period and the therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Ferreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Catarina Macedo
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Ana Margarida Silva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Paulo Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.); (C.D.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-83-40-500
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Shahla J, Dariush H, Bijan SM, Majid E, Zahra A, Bahman Y. Comparative immunomodulatory effects of jelly royal and 10-H2DA on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chi X, Liu Z, Wang H, Wang Y, Wei W, Xu B. Royal jelly enhanced the antioxidant activities and modulated the gut microbiota in healthy mice. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13701. [PMID: 33792081 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ) is a well-known traditional health food that has a wide range of pharmacological activities. In this study, mice were fed with different doses of RJ for 30 days and their antioxidant activities and gut microbiota were measured to examine the correlation between gut microbiota and overall health. RJ did not influence the feed consumption or relative organ weight, but RJ did increase the amount of serum interleukin 10 (IL-10), as well as the levels of antioxidant activities in the liver and kidney. The middle dose of RJ (RJM) decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria at phylum level, increased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroides. Correlation analysis indicated that RJ could optimize the functional network of gut microbiota and the interactions between the gut microbiota and the host. In conclusion, RJ could enhance the antioxidant activities and modulate the gut microbiota. RJM treatment had a more positive effect on physical health compared with RJL and RJH treatments. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Royal jelly is a healthy dietary supplement which has a wide range of functions. The research helps us know the action mechanism of RJ in healthy body and analyzed the correlation of gut microbiota and physiological state. The appropriate dose of RJ was also studied and the health functions of RJ for healthy body were proved. This research could help to increase the RJ consuming in market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Chi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Mokaya HO, Njeru LK, Lattorff HMG. African honeybee royal jelly: Phytochemical contents, free radical scavenging activity, and physicochemical properties. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chi X, Wei W, Zhang W, Liu Z, Wang H, Xu B. Sodium Selenium Enhances the Antioxidative Activities and Immune Functions of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Increases the Selenium Content in Royal Jelly. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:169-177. [PMID: 31748789 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se), as an essential micronutrient, has been demonstrated to play an important role in life activities. In this study, we studied the effects of sucrose solutions containing sodium selenite on Apis mellifera (L.). We obtained the appropriate level of sodium selenite for A. mellifera by determining the life span by lab rearing, and then, we studied the effects of sodium selenite on antioxidant activity, phenol oxidase activity, development of the hypopharyngeal gland, Se content of body tissues and royal jelly (RJ), and related gene transcription levels for a bee colony. The results of lab rearing showed that a concentration of 0.57 mg/liter sodium selenium could extend life. After feeding the colony sodium selenium at concentrations of 0.3 mg/liter and 0.6 mg/liter, the results showed that 0.6 mg/liter sodium selenite could enhance the antioxidant and immune activity of 6-d-old larvae and 1-d-old and 9-d-old worker bees (P < 0.05), increase the Se content of body tissues (P < 0.05) and RJ (P < 0.05), and improve the expression of related genes (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Chi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Effects of supplementation of Tris-egg yolk extender with royal jelly on chilled and frozen-thawed ram semen characteristics. Cryobiology 2019; 88:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Azad F, Nejati V, Shalizar-Jalali A, Najafi G, Rahmani F. Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of royal jelly against nicotine-induced testicular injury in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:708-718. [PMID: 30896085 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the effects of royal jelly (RJ) on testicular injury induced by nicotine (NIC) in mice. Thirty-six male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 received normal saline, group 2 received 100 mg/kgBW/day RJ, groups 3 and 4 received NIC at doses of 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kgBW/day, respectively, and groups 5 and 6 received NIC at doses of 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg BW/day, respectively, plus RJ. Following 35 days, the serum level of testosterone, histopathological changes, germ cell apoptosis, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidant indexes including total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase (CAT) activity were determined. In addition, the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis was investigated by assessing the Bcl-2, p53, and Caspase-3 mRNA levels expression by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Compared to NIC receiving groups, the concomitant administration of RJ could protect the testosterone reduction and histological damages. After RJ treatment, the level of tissue MDA content decreased, while tissue TAC and CAT levels were remarkably increased compared to NIC-exposed groups. Remarkable higher TUNEL-positive germ cells and low PCNA index were observed in NIC receiving groups. Besides, the expression level of Bcl-2 was significantly higher and the p53 and Caspase-3 levels were significantly lower in the RJ co-administration groups than NIC-only receiving groups. Our results confirmed that RJ effectively protects the testis against NIC evoked damages by antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects involving the up regulation of the antioxidant status, mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway prevention, and the proliferating activity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnam Azad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Shalizar-Jalali
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Najafi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Omer K, Gelkopf MJ, Newton G. Effectiveness of royal jelly supplementation in glycemic regulation: A systematic review. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:96-113. [PMID: 30788047 PMCID: PMC6379731 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Royal jelly (RJ) has been observed to have therapeutic properties in diabetic individuals, including the reduction of high blood sugar. This systematic review synthesized existing evidence to investigate the effectiveness of RJ supplementation in managing measures of blood glucose.
AIM To determine the effectiveness of RJ supplementation on glycemic responses in healthy and non-insulin dependent diabetic adults, as well as animal models of diabetes.
METHODS This was a systematic review employing the PRISMA strategy. Peer-reviewed, published articles were extracted from several databases using key words related to target population, intervention and outcome and hand-selected for inclusion. Included articles proceeded to data extraction phase, where information on target parameters and effectiveness of treatment was summarized. Following this, the risk of bias for each included study was evaluated. Then, the long-term and immediate effectiveness of RJ supplementation in glycemic control were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) tool, which rates the quality of evidence.
RESULTS Of 168 articles extracted from database searching, eighteen were included for analysis in this systematic review. Across the studies, studied populations, intervention styles and outcome measures were largely heterogeneous. Despite this, the results in studies indicate a general trend of positive effect of RJ in glycemic regulation in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, some dose-dependent glycemic effects were observed, along with some large effect sizes. The risk of bias for human and animal studies is generally low-unclear risk, although lack of blinding is a serious concern in both categories. Overall, as per the GRADE tool, the quality of evidence is low, and very low for long-term and immediate effectiveness of RJ, respectively. A major limitation affecting evidence quality is the heterogeneity among included studies. Fasting blood glucose and glucose clearance appear to be most affected by RJ supplementation.
CONCLUSION Quality of evidence suggesting that RJ is an effective modulator of glycemic regulation is low for long-term effects of RJ, and very low for immediate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Omer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Maxwell J Gelkopf
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Genevieve Newton
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Kawahata I, Xu H, Takahashi M, Murata K, Han W, Yamaguchi Y, Fujii A, Yamaguchi K, Yamakuni T. Royal jelly coordinately enhances hippocampal neuronal expression of somatostatin and neprilysin genes conferring neuronal protection against toxic soluble amyloid-β oligomers implicated in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Liang Y, Kagota S, Maruyama K, Oonishi Y, Miyauchi-Wakuda S, Ito Y, Yamada S, Shinozuka K. Royal jelly increases peripheral circulation by inducing vasorelaxation through nitric oxide production under healthy conditions. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1210-1219. [PMID: 30119189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Royal jelly (RJ) has a variety of reported biological activities, including vasorelaxation and blood pressure-lowering effects. Although functional foods are positively used for health, the effects of RJ on the cardiovascular system in healthy individuals have not been well studied. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxation effects of RJ in healthy control rats to evaluate whether the peripheral circulation was increased. MAIN METHODS We used fresh RJ to examine the vasorelaxation effects and related mechanisms in Wistar rats using organ bath techniques. Furthermore, we measured changes in tail blood circulation, systolic blood pressure (sBP), and heart rate (HR) after the oral administration of RJ to control rats and nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)-treated rats (0.5 mg/ml dissolved in distilled drinking water for 1 week). Concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) in the RJ were measured using a commercial kit. KEY FINDINGS RJ caused vasorelaxation of isolated rat aortas and superior mesenteric arteries, and this effect was inhibited by atropine (10-5 M, 15 min) or L-NAME (10-4 M, 20 min) and endothelium-denuded arterial ring preparations. Oral RJ increased tail blood flow and mass in control rats 1 h after treatment without affecting velocity, sBP, or HR. These effects were not observed in L-NAME-treated rats. RJ contained approximately 1000 μg/g of ACh. SIGNIFICANCE The present study demonstrated that RJ is composed of muscarinic receptor agonist(s), likely ACh, and induces vasorelaxation through nitric oxide (NO) production from the vascular endothelium of healthy rats, leading to increased tail blood circulation. Thus, fresh RJ may improve peripheral circulation in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyue Liang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Japan.
| | - Kana Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Japan
| | - Yuri Oonishi
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Japan
| | - Shino Miyauchi-Wakuda
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ito
- University of Shizuoka, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- University of Shizuoka, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Japan
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Yang YC, Chou WM, Widowati DA, Lin IP, Peng CC. 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid of royal jelly exhibits bactericide and anti-inflammatory activity in human colon cancer cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:202. [PMID: 29970062 PMCID: PMC6029378 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Royal jelly (RJ), the exclusive food for the larva of queen honeybee, is regarded as the novel supplement to promote human health. The function of RJ may be attributed to its major and unique fatty acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). The current study investigated the anti-inflammory function of 10-HDA on human colon cancer cells, WiDr, as well as its effect on the growth of pathogenic bacterium. METHODS The pro-inflammatory cytokines, receptor antagonist cytokine (IL-1ra) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in WiDr cells was analyzed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or western blot. The growth inhibition of 10-HDA on bacterium was evaluated by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericide concentrations (MBC). RESULTS The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in WiDr cells was modulated by 10-HDA. IL-8 were dramatically declined by 10-HDA at 3 mM, while IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly decreased. 10-HDA increased IL-1ra in a dose manner. NF-κB pathway is primarily in response to prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB was reduced after 10-HDA treatment. 10-HDA acted as potent bactericide against animal- or human-specific pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus alactolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius B, Staphylococcus xylosus, Salmonella cholearasuis, Vibro parahaemolyticus and Escherichia coli (hemolytic). CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that in vitro 10-HDA from RJ exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in WiDr cells, as well as anti-bacterial activity against animal pathogens. 10-HDA showed its potential as anti-imflammtory agent and bactericide to benefit human gastrointestinal tract.
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Caixeta DC, Teixeira RR, Peixoto LG, Machado HL, Baptista NB, de Souza AV, Vilela DD, Franci CR, Salmen Espindola F. Adaptogenic potential of royal jelly in liver of rats exposed to chronic stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191889. [PMID: 29377921 PMCID: PMC5788357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Restraint and cold stress increase both corticosterone and glycemia, which lead to oxidative damages in hepatic tissue. This study assessed the effect of royal jelly (RJ) supplementation on the corticosterone level, glycemia, plasma enzymes and hepatic antioxidant system in restraint and cold stressed rats. Wistar rats were allocated into no-stress, stress, no-stress supplemented with RJ and stress supplemented with RJ groups. Initially, RJ (200mg/Kg) was administered for fourteen days and stressed groups were submitted to chronic stress from the seventh day. The results showed that RJ supplementation decreases corticosterone levels and improves glycemia control after stress induction. RJ supplementation also decreased the body weight, AST, ALP and GGT. Moreover, RJ improved total antioxidant capacity, SOD activity and reduced GSH, GR and lipoperoxidation in the liver. Thus, RJ supplementation reestablished the corticosterone levels and the hepatic antioxidant system in stressed rats, indicating an adaptogenic and hepatoprotective potential of RJ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Gomes Peixoto
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helen Lara Machado
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Adriele Vieira de Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle Diniz Vilela
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Pina A, Begou O, Kanelis D, Gika H, Kalogiannis S, Tananaki C, Theodoridis G, Zotou A. Targeted profiling of hydrophilic constituents of royal jelly by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1531:53-63. [PMID: 29198446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present work a Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method was developed for the efficient separation and quantification of a large number of small polar bioactive molecules in Royal Jelly. The method was validated and provided satisfactory detection sensitivity for 88 components. Quantification was proven to be precise for 64 components exhibiting good linearity, recoveries R% >90% for the majority of analytes and intra- and inter-day precision from 0.14 to 20% RSD. Analysis of 125 fresh royal jelly samples of Greek origin provided useful information on royal jelly's hydrophilic bioactive components revealing lysine, ribose, proline, melezitose and glutamic acid to be in high abundance. In addition the occurrence of 18 hydrophilic nutrients which have not been reported previously as royal jelly constituents is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Pina
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Begou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kanelis
- Laboratory of Apiculture-Sericulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gika
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stavros Kalogiannis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alexander Technological Educational Institute (ATEITH) of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Tananaki
- Laboratory of Apiculture-Sericulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zotou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Peng CC, Sun HT, Lin IP, Kuo PC, Li JC. The functional property of royal jelly 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid as a melanogenesis inhibitor. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:392. [PMID: 28793915 PMCID: PMC5550932 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that royal jelly would reduce melanin synthesis and inhibit the expression of melanogensis related proteins and genes. In this study, we evaluate the anti-melanogenic and depigmenting activity of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) from royal jelly of Apis mellifera. METHODS In this study, we assesses the 10-HDA whitening activity in comparison with the changes in the intracellular tyrosinase activity, melanin content and melanin production related protein levles in B16F1 melanoma cells after treating with 10-HDA. Furthermore, the skin whitening effect was evaluated by applying a cream product containing with 0.5%, 1% and 2% of 10-HDA onto the skin of mice (C57BL/6 J) for 3 week to observe the effect of DL*-values. RESULTS The results showed that 10-HDA inhibited the MITF protein expression (IC50 0.86 mM) in B16F1 melanoma cells. Western blot analysis revealed that 10-HDA inhibited the activity of tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in B16F1 melanoma cells. In addition, the 10-HDA was applied on the skin of mice show significantly increased the average skin-whitening index (L value). CONCLUSIONS The validation data indicated the potential of 10-HDA for use in suppressing skin pigmentation. The 10-HDA is proposed as a candidate to inhibit melanogenesis, thus it could be developed as cosmetics skin care products.
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Xin XX, Chen Y, Chen D, Xiao F, Parnell LD, Zhao J, Liu L, Ordovas JM, Lai CQ, Shen LR. Supplementation with Major Royal-Jelly Proteins Increases Lifespan, Feeding, and Fecundity in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5803-5812. [PMID: 27388939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The major royal-jelly proteins (MRJPs) are the main constituents responsible for the specific physiological role of royal jelly (RJ) in honeybees. Male and female Drosophila flies were fed diets containing either no MRJPs (A) or casein (B) at 1.25% (w/w) of diet or MRJPs at 1.25% (C), 2.50% (D), or 5.00% (E). Diets B, C, D, and E increased mean lifespan by 4.3%, 9.0%, 12.4%, and 13.9% in males and by 5.8%, 9.7%, 20.0%, and 11.8% in females in comparison to results from diet A, respectively. The diet supplemented with 2.50% MRJPs seems to have the optimal dose to improve both physiological and biochemical measures related to aging in both sexes. Interestingly, lifespan extension by MRJPs in Drosophila was positively associated with feeding and fecundity and up-regulation of copper and zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and the Egfr-mediated signaling pathway. This study provides strong evidence that MRJPs are important components of RJ for prolonging lifespan in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Xin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fa Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- USDA ARS Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Statistics, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Statistics, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- USDA ARS Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- USDA ARS Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Li-Rong Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Zargar HR, Hemmati AA, Ghafourian M, Arzi A, Rezaie A, Javad-Moosavi SA. Long-term treatment with royal jelly improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:23-31. [PMID: 27841941 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-fibrotic potential of royal jelly (RJ) powder against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The rats were given RJ orally (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg per day) for 7 consecutive days before the administration of single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM) at 7.5 IU/kg. RJ doses were continued for 21 days after BLM exposure. Fibrotic changes in the lungs were studied by cell count and analysis of cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), histopathological examination, and assaying oxidative stress biomarkers in lung tissue. The results showed that BLM administration significantly increased the fibrotic changes, collagen content, and levels of malondialdehyde and decreased total thiol and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant contents in the rats' lung tissue. An increase in the level of cell counts and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines such as TNF-α and TGF-β in BALF was observed. Also, it significantly decreased IFN-γ, an anti-fibrotic cytokine, in BALF. However, RJ (50 and 100 mg/kg) reversed all of these biochemical indices as well as histopathological alterations induced by BLM. The present study demonstrates that RJ, by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attenuates oxidative damage and fibrosis induced by BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Zargar
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Hemmati
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran
| | - Mehri Ghafourian
- b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 3135733118, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Arzi
- c Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran
| | - Anahita Rezaie
- d Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Javad-Moosavi
- e Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
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Rashidi MK, Mirazi N, Hosseini A. Effect of topical mixture of honey, royal jelly and olive oil-propolis extract on skin wound healing in diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wndm.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shahzad Q, Mehmood MU, Khan H, ul Husna A, Qadeer S, Azam A, Naseer Z, Ahmad E, Safdar M, Ahmad M. Royal jelly supplementation in semen extender enhances post-thaw quality and fertility of Nili-Ravi buffalo bull sperm. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 167:83-8. [PMID: 26896924 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of royal jelly (RJ) on post-thaw sperm quality, in vitro and in vivo fertility rate of cryopreserved buffalo bull sperm. The semen was collected from three mature regular donor buffalo bulls, ejaculates were pooled and semen evaluated initially. In Experiment 1, the ejaculates were extended in tris-citric acid diluter supplemented with different RJ concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 or 0.4%). The diluted semen was cooled to 4°C, packaged into 0.5 mL straws and frozen using standard procedure. The straws were thawed and assessed for sperm progressive motility, viability, plasma membrane, acrosome, and chromatin integrity. The results indicated that sperm progressive motility was significantly greater (P<0.05) in 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% RJ than 0.4% RJ supplemented and control groups. The sperm viability, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity were significantly improved (P<0.05) in 0.1% RJ supplemented group the compared to other treatment groups. In Experiment 2, cryopreserved sperm with 0.1% RJ supplementation and control (without RJ supplementation) were used to observe the in vitro fertilizing potential and in vivo fertility. In vitro fertilization method was applied to assess the cleavage rate; whereas, AI was performed in buffalo during in vivo fertility trial. The buffaloes were inseminated 12h after standing estrus and pregnancy diagnosis was performed through ultrasonography. The results revealed that the cleavage rate was higher (P<0.05) in 0.1% RJ as compared to control group. However, the pregnancy rate was similar (P>0.05) between 0.1% RJ supplemented and control groups. It is concluded that supplementation of RJ in freezing extender can improve the cryosurvival rate and in vitro fertilizing capacity of buffalo bull sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Shahzad
- Reproduction Division, Buffalo Research Institute Pattoki, Kasur 55050, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Usman Mehmood
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hamayun Khan
- Department of Animal Health, University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Asma ul Husna
- Department of Zoology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Saima Qadeer
- Department of Zoology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Asima Azam
- Department of Zoology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Naseer
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09016, Turkey
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Kolayli S, Sahin H, Can Z, Yildiz O, Malkoc M, Asadov A. A Member of Complementary Medicinal Food: Anatolian Royal Jellies, Their Chemical Compositions, and Antioxidant Properties. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 21:NP43-8. [PMID: 26620573 DOI: 10.1177/2156587215618832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated various chemical and antioxidant properties of Anatolian royal jelly samples. Moisture, pH, total protein, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) and sugars were analyzed from 18 samples. Total phenolic contents, ferric reducing antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity were measured as antioxidant determinants. 10-HDA contents and total protein content of fresh weight ranged between 1.0% and 3.9%, and 11.4% and 15.8%, respectively. The main sugars detected were glucose and fructose. Maltose, trehalose, and melibiose were detected at less than 1.0% in all samples. Lactose, a milk sugar, was detected in only 3 samples, at values between 0.8% and 1.4%. Total henolic content ranged from 91.0 to 301.0 mg gallic acid equivalents/kg fresh weight. Antioxidant activity is due to both to the total phenolic content, proteins and fatty acids of royal jelly. Anatolian royal jelly samples were not different from other royal jelly samples from across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huseyin Sahin
- Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Espiye, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Zehra Can
- Şebinkarahisar Technical Sciences Vocational School, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Oktay Yildiz
- Maçka Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Maçka, Trabzon, Turkey
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Özan F, Çörekçi B, Toptaş O, Halicioğlu K, Irgin C, Yilmaz F, Hezenci Y. Effect of Royal Jelly on new bone formation in rapid maxillary expansion in rats. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e651-6. [PMID: 26449428 PMCID: PMC4670243 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long and short term systemic usage of royal jelly on bone formation in the expanded maxillary suture in a rat model. Material and Methods Twenty eight Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: Control (C); Only Expansion (OE), Royal Jelly (RJ) group, Royal Jelly was given to rats by oral gavage only during the expansion and retention period; Royal Jelly plus Nursery (RJN) group, Royal Jelly was given to rats by oral gavage during their nursery phase of 40 days and during the retention period. After the 5 day expansion period was completed, the rats underwent 12 days of mechanical retention. All rats were sacrificed in same time. Histological examination was performed to determine the number of osteoclasts, number of osteoblasts, number of capillaries, inflammatory cell infiltration, and new bone formation. Results New bone formation, number of osteoclasts, number of osteoblasts, and the number of capillaries in the expanded maxillary sutures were higher in the RJ and RJN groups than in the other groups. Statistical analysis also demonstrated that new bone formation and the number of osteoblasts was also highest in the RJN group. Conclusions The systemic administration of Royal Jelly in conjunction with rapid maxillary expansion may increase the quality of regenerated bone. Key words:Bone formation, rapid maxillary expansion, Royal jelly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Özan
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Bolu, Turkey,
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Shen LR, Wang YR, Zhai L, Zhou WX, Tan LL, Li ML, Liu DD, Xiao F. Determination of royal jelly freshness by ELISA with a highly specific anti-apalbumin 1, major royal jelly protein 1 antibody. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 16:155-66. [PMID: 25644470 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Major royal jelly protein 1 (MRJP1), designated apalbumin 1, has been regarded as a freshness marker of royal jelly (RJ). A MRJP1-specific peptide (IKEALPHVPIFD) identified by bioinformatics analysis of homologous members of the major royal protein family was synthesized and used to raise polyclonal anti-MRJP1 antibody (anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody). Western blot analysis showed that anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody only reacted with MRJP1 in RJ. In contrast, the previously reported antibody against recombinant MRJP1 (anti-R-MRJP1 antibody) reacted with other members of MRJP family in RJ. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody demonstrated that MRJP1 content in RJ stored at 40 °C significantly degraded by 37.3%, 55.9%, 58.0%, 60.6%, 65.7%, 72.7%, and 73.1% at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 d, respectively, when compared with MRJP1 content in fresh RJ (0 d). Optical density analysis of MRJP bands from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profiles demonstrated that the degradation of MRJP1, MRJP2, MRJP3, and MRJP5 in RJ was strongly and positively correlated with the period of storage (P<0.0001). Our results indicated anti-SP-MRJP1 antibody was highly specific for MRJP1, and ELISA using the antibody is a sensitive and easy-to-use method to determine the freshness and authenticity of RJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-rong Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Mobasseri M, Ghiyasvand S, Ostadrahimi A, Ghojazadeh M, Noshad H, Pourmoradian S. Effect of Fresh Royal Jelly Ingestion on Glycemic Response in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e20074. [PMID: 26473074 PMCID: PMC4601209 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is the fourth major public health problem worldwide. Royal Jelly (RJ) insulin-like activity and blood glucose modulating properties have been reported in animal and healthy volunteers. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effect of a single dose of fresh RJ as a complementary therapy on glycemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this randomized clinical trial, 40 patients with type 2 diabetes were assigned into the RJ (n = 20) and placebo (n = 20) groups and received either 10 g fresh RJ or placebo after overnight fasting. Serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations were determined at 0, 60, 120 minutes after the intervention. Independent t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze data. RESULTS The mean serum glucose levels were significantly decreased in RJ and placebo groups; however, mean serum level was different but not statistically. (P = 0.77). One hour after RJ ingestion the mean serum insulin concentrations were increased and after 2 hours it was decreased insignificantly (P = 0.54, P = 0.20). The mean C-peptide concentrations were significantly increased after 1 and 2 hours of RJ ingestion; however, in the placebo group we observed a slight but insignificant reduction at the time of 1 and 2 hours in the mean C-peptide serum levels (P = 0.40). Moreover, there was no significant difference in none of the glycemic control parameters between both studied groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It seems that RJ does not appear to have significant immediate effects on glycemic factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, further studies with larger sample sizes and different doses of RJ are needed to achieve more precise results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mobasseri
- Department of endocrinology,Emam Reza hospital, Bone Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Shahram Ghiyasvand
- Department of endocrinology,Emam Reza hospital, Bone Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Morteza Ghojazadeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Noshad
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Hamid Noshad, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-4113298247; +9143115927, Fax: +98-4113298247, E-mail:
| | - Samira Pourmoradian
- Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI), Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, IR Iran
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Evaluation of propolis, honey, and royal jelly in amelioration of peripheral blood leukocytes and lung inflammation in mouse conalbumin-induced asthma model. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 22:780-8. [PMID: 26587007 PMCID: PMC4625423 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee products have been used since ancient times to treat many diseases, including respiratory ailments. The present study aimed to examine the modulatory effect of honey, royal jelly, and propolis extract on peripheral blood leukocytes and lung inflammation in a mouse conalbumin-induced asthma model. The mice in group I were not sensitised or treated; they were kept as controls. The mice in group II were sensitised and challenged with conalbumin. Twenty-four hours after the first challenge with antigen, the mice in group III received 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethasone intraperitoneally per day for 18 consecutive days and kept as positive controls. The mice in groups IV, V, and VI received 650, 1000, and 30 mg/kg of honey, royal jelly, and propolis (aqueous and ethanolic extract), respectively, once per day for 18 consecutive days. Blood was collected from all of the mice for white blood cell differentiation, and the lungs were removed for histopathological studies. The groups treated with propolis extract exhibited considerable ameliorative effects against asthma, which might be explained by the flavonoids and phenolics found in propolis, which might have antioxidative effects. Otherwise, the sensitised and honey- or royal jelly-treated groups exhibited an increased incidence of asthma cascade events due to increased inflammatory cells. These results might be due to the immunostimulatory and vasodilatory effects of royal jelly and honey, which are antagonistic to bronchial asthma cases. Histopathological examination revealed that the sensitised treated propolis extract groups had significant decreases in inflammatory scores compared with other treatments and the sensitised untreated group. These results confirmed the previous data of peripheral blood cells.
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Wang X, Cook LF, Grasso LM, Cao M, Dong Y. Royal Jelly-Mediated Prolongevity and Stress Resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans Is Possibly Modulated by the Interplays of DAF-16, SIR-2.1, HCF-1, and 14-3-3 Proteins. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:827-38. [PMID: 25073462 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that royal jelly (RJ) and its related substances may have antiaging properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects remain elusive. We report that the effects of RJ and enzyme-treated RJ (eRJ) on life span and health span in Caenorhabditis elegans (C elegans) are modulated by the sophisticated interplays of DAF-16, SIR-2.1, HCF-1, and 14-3-3 proteins. Dietary supplementation with RJ or eRJ increased C. elegans life span in a dose-dependent manner. The RJ and eRJ consumption increased the tolerance of C elegans to oxidative stress, ultraviolet irradiation, and heat shock stress. Our genetic analyses showed that RJ/eRJ-mediated life-span extension requires insulin/IGF-1 signaling and the activities of DAF-16, SIR-2.1, HCF-1, and FTT-2, a 14-3-3 protein. Earlier studies reported that DAF-16/FOXO, SIR-2.1/SIRT1, FTT-2, and HCF-1 have extensive interplays in worms and mammals. Our present findings suggest that RJ/eRJ-mediated promotion of longevity and stress resistance in C elegans is dependent on these conserved interplays. From an evolutionary point of view, this study not only provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of RJ's action on health span promotion in C elegans, but also has imperative implications in using RJ/eRJ as nutraceuticals to delay aging and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Min Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Engaged Aging, Clemson University, South Carolina
| | - Yuqing Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Engaged Aging, Clemson University, South Carolina.
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Hashimoto M, Kanda M, Ikeno K, Hayashi Y, Nakamura T, Ogawa Y, Fukumitsu H, Nomoto H, Furukawa S. Oral Administration of Royal Jelly Facilitates mRNA Expression of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurofilament H in the Hippocampus of the Adult Mouse Brain. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:800-5. [PMID: 15849420 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ) is known to have a variety of biological activities toward various types of cells and tissues of animal models, but nothing is known about its effect on brain functions. Hence, we examined the effect of oral administration of RJ on the mRNA expression of various neurotrophic factors, their receptors, and neural cell markers in the mouse brain. Our results revealed that RJ selectively facilitates the mRNA expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potent neurotrophic factor acting in the brain, and neurofilament H, a specific marker predominantly found in neuronal axons, in the adult mouse hippocampus. These observations suggest that RJ shows neurotrophic effects on the mature brain via stimulation of GDNF production, and that enhanced expression of neurofilament H mRNA is involved in events subsequently caused by GDNF. RJ may play neurotrophic and/or neuroprotective roles in the adult brain through GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
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Ferioli F, Armaforte E, Caboni MF. Comparison of the Lipid Content, Fatty Acid Profile and Sterol Composition in Local Italian and Commercial Royal Jelly Samples. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pourmoradian S, Mahdavi R, Mobasseri M, Faramarzi E, Mobasseri M. Effects of royal jelly supplementation on glycemic control and oxidative stress factors in type 2 diabetic female: a randomized clinical trial. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:347-52. [PMID: 24610413 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been proposed that royal jelly has antioxidant properties and may improve oxidative stress and glycemic control. Therefore, we investigated the effects of royal jelly supplementation in diabetic females. METHODS In this pilot, parallel design randomized clinical trial, 50 female volunteers with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to the supplemented (25, cases) and placebo (25, cases) groups, based on random block procedure produced by Random Allocation Software, given a daily dose of 1,000 mg royal jelly soft gel or placebo, respectively, for 8 weeks. Before and after intervention, glycemic control indices, antioxidant and oxidative stress factors were measured. RESULTS After royal jelly supplementation, the mean fasting blood glucose decreased remarkably (163.05±42.51 mg/dL vs. 149.68±42.7 mg/dL). Royal jelly supplementation resulted in significant reduction in the mean serum glycosylated hemoglobin levels (8.67%±2.24% vs. 7.05%±1.45%, P=0.001) and significant elevation in the mean insulin concentration (70.28±29.16 pmol/L vs. 86.46±27.50 pmol/L, P=0.01). Supplementation significantly increased erythrocyte superoxidase dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P<0.05). At the end of study, the mean total antioxidant capacity elevated insignificantly in both groups. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of our findings, it seems that royal jelly supplementation may be beneficial in controlling diabetes outcomes. Further studies with larger sample size are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Pourmoradian
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Melliou E, Chinou I. Chemistry and Bioactivities of Royal Jelly. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63430-6.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Moradi A, Malekinejad H, Farrokhi-Ardabili F, Bernousi I. Royal Jelly improves the sperm parameters of ram semen during liquid storage and serves as an antioxidant source. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Takikawa M, Kumagai A, Hirata H, Soga M, Yamashita Y, Ueda M, Ashida H, Tsuda T. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, a unique medium-chain fatty acid, activates 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase in L6 myotubes and mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1794-802. [PMID: 23754629 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA) is one of the unique medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) specifically found in royal jelly. We hypothesize that 10H2DA has multiple biological functions and may aid in 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and affect the glucose transport system in skeletal muscle. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined whether various MCFAs present in royal jelly activated AMPKα. Treatment of L6 myotubes with various MCFAs showed that 10H2DA administration resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylated AMPKα. 10H2DA activates AMPK independently of insulin and significantly increased glucose uptake into L6 myotubes following translocation of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) to the plasma membrane (PM). The activation was induced by the upstream kinase Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β, but was independent of changes in AMP:ATP ratio and the liver kinase B1 pathway. Oral administration of 10H2DA significantly stimulated phosphorylation of AMPK and Glut4 translocation to the PM in mouse skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that (i) 10H2DA activates AMPK, and insulin independently enhances glucose uptake following translocation of Glut4 to PM, (ii) activation of AMPKα by 10H2DA is mediated via extracellular Ca²⁺-dependent Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β, without alteration in the AMP:ATP ratio, and liver kinase B1 was not involved in the activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masathito Takikawa
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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Siavash M, Shokri S, Haghighi S, Shahtalebi MA, Farajzadehgan Z. The efficacy of topical royal jelly on healing of diabetic foot ulcers: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int Wound J 2013; 12:137-42. [PMID: 23566071 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot ulcers are major sources of morbidity in individuals with diabetes mellitus. As royal jelly (RJ, a worker honey bee product) contains enzymatic, antibacterial and vasodilative properties, it can potentially help in healing of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical RJ on healing of DFUs. Diabetic patients with foot ulcers who were referred to us at Khorshid Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, were managed by offloading, infection control, vascular improvement and debridement (if required). Then, all ulcers were randomly selected to receive either 5% sterile topical RJ or placebo on their total surface area. Patients were followed for 3 months or until complete healing. Twenty-five patients (6 females and 19 males) and a total of 64 ulcers were included and randomly allocated to case or control group (32 per group). Four ulcers were excluded and 60 ulcers included in the final analysis. Healing parameters including depth, length and width reduction rate, duration of complete healing and incidence of complete healing did not show any significant difference (P = 0·69, 0·95, 0·7, 0·74 and 0·6, respectively) between groups. We did not observe any side effect of topical RJ application. This study could not confirm any significant superiority of 5% topical RJ over placebo for the treatment of DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Siavash
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Watanabe S, Suemaru K, Takechi K, Kaji H, Imai K, Araki H. Oral mucosal adhesive films containing royal jelly accelerate recovery from 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 121:110-8. [PMID: 23357874 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12181fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy has an impact upon quality-of-life, is dose-limiting for chemotherapy, and causes considerable morbidity. We evaluated the effect of royal jelly (RJ) on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced oral mucositis in hamsters. Oral mucositis was induced in hamsters through a combination of 5-FU treatment and mild abrasion of the cheek pouch. RJ was contained in chitosan-sodium alginate film (RJ film). Films were attached to the oral mucosa and the healing process examined by measuring the area of mucositis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, microscopic aspects, and RT-PCR for detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β). Furthermore, we evaluated the radical-scavenging activity of RJ and generation of keratinocyte growth factor from human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. RJ films (10%, 30%) significantly improved recovery from 5-FU-induced damage, reduced MPO activity and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, RJ showed radical-scavenging activity. These data suggest that topical application of films that contain RJ had a healing effect on the severe oral mucositis induced by 5-FU and that the effect was caused by the anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidative activities of RJ.
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Pourmoradian S, Mahdavi R, Mobasseri M, Faramarzi E, Mobasseri M. Effects of royal jelly supplementation on body weight and dietary intake in type 2 diabetic females. Health Promot Perspect 2012; 2:231-5. [PMID: 24688939 PMCID: PMC3963646 DOI: 10.5681/hpp.2012.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to assess the effects of royal jelly supple-mentation on body weight, total daily energy and macronutrients intakes in type2 diabetic fe-males. METHODS In this randomized clinical trial, fifty female volunteers with type2 diabetes were as-signed into the supplemented (n=25) and placebo (n=25) groups, given a daily dose of 1000 mg royal jelly soft gel or placebo, for 8 weeks, respectively. Before and after the intervention, body weight and height of subjects were measured and body mass index was calculated. Dietary intake of patients was assessed using 24-hour food recall questionnaire for three non consecutive days (including 1 weekend day) and analyzed with Nutritionist IV software. The normally distributed data were compared using paired and independent t-tests, where appropriate. RESULTS Royal jelly supplementation significantly (P<0.01) decreased the mean body weight (72.45±4.42 vs. 71.00±6.44 kg) while it increased insignificantly in placebo group (73.02±6.44 vs 73.52±6.80 kg). Royal jelly supplementation resulted in significant decrease of mean daily total energy (P<0.01) and carbohydrate (P<0.01) intakes, while in placebo group the mean daily total energy and fat intakes were increased significantly (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Supplementation with royal jelly may be beneficial in weight management of di-abetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Pourmoradian
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Department of Endocrinology, Medicine Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Faramarzi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Zheng HQ, Wei WT, Wu LM, Hu FL, Dietemann V. Fast Determination of Royal Jelly Freshness by a Chromogenic Reaction. J Food Sci 2012; 77:S247-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A comparison of wound healing rate following treatment with aftamed and chlorine dioxide gels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:468764. [PMID: 22666291 PMCID: PMC3362038 DOI: 10.1155/2012/468764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing activities of Aftamed and chlorine dioxide gels in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Experimental Approach. Forty-eight Sprague Dawley rats were chosen for this study, divided into 4 groups. Diabetes was induced. Two-centimeter-diameter full-thickness skin excision wounds were created. Animals were topically treated twice daily. Groups 1, the diabetic control group, were treated with 0.2 mL of sterile distilled water. Group 2 served as a reference standard were treated with 0.2 mL of Intrasite gel. Groups 3 and 4 were treated with 0.2 mL of Aftamed and 0.2 mL of chlorine dioxide gels respectively. Granulation tissue was excised on the 10th day and processed for histological and biochemical analysis. The glutathione peroxidase ,superoxide dismutase activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. Results. Aftamed-treated wounds exhibited significant increases in hydroxyproline, cellular proliferation, the number of blood vessels, and the level of collagen synthesis. Aftamed induced an increase in the free radical-scavenging enzyme activity and significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation levels in the
wounds as measured by the reduction in the MDA level. Conclusions. This study showed that Aftamed gel is able to significantly accelerate the process of wound healing in diabetic rats.
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Park HM, Cho MH, Cho Y, Kim SY. Royal jelly increases collagen production in rat skin after ovariectomy. J Med Food 2012; 15:568-75. [PMID: 22468645 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ) is a honeybee product that contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. RJ has been reported to have antitumor, antibacterial, and wound-healing activities. We previously reported that RJ enhanced the migration of human dermal fibroblasts and altered the levels of cholesterol and sphinganine in an in vitro wound-healing model in addition to regulating skin photoaging following exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation. We established an animal model of skin aging in the context of estrogen deficiency and assessed the antiaging effects of RJ on skin. To establish an in vivo model of skin aging, bilateral ovariectomies were performed in 12-week-old virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats. Induction of osteoporosis was confirmed through two-dimensional images of the trabecular bone in the left femoral necks using microcomputed tomography. The protective effects of RJ ovariectomy-induced skin aging were examined by determining the protein expression of type I procollagen and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1. The collagen content and epidermal thickness of skin tissue were measured by staining techniques. There was a significant difference in weight between sham-operated and ovariectomized groups. Food efficiency ratio did not differ significantly among the groups. The level of procollagen type I protein was increased in the dorsal skin of ovariectomized rats fed with a dietary supplement containing 1% RJ extract, but the level of MMP-1 was not altered. In particular, the amount of collagen recovered was close to the normal level. RJ may protect against skin aging by enhancing collagen production in rats with ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Park
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Korea
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Yakoot M, Salem A, Omar AM. Effectiveness of a herbal formula in women with menopausal syndrome. FORSCHENDE KOMPLEMENTARMEDIZIN (2006) 2011; 18:264-268. [PMID: 22105039 DOI: 10.1159/000333430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lady 4 is a combination of 4 natural components (evening primrose oil, damiana, ginseng, royal jelly) with a known history of traditional use for menopausal symptoms. OBJECTIVE To study efficacy and safety of Lady 4 in women suffering from menopausal syndrome. METHODS 120 women with menopausal symptoms were randomised into an experimental group treated with 2 capsules of Lady 4 daily and a control group treated with placebo. The outcome was measured by the Menopause Rating Scale II (MRS-II). RESULTS There was a statistically significant improvement in the MRS-II score in both groups after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, but the improvement was significantly better in the Lady 4 group (p < 0.001). 86.7% in the Lady 4 group and 56.7% in the placebo group rated the therapy success as 'much improved' or 'very much improved'. CONCLUSION Lady 4 may be beneficial in the treatment of menopausal syndrome and can be used as a safe natural promoter of health and well-being in women during the menopausal transition.
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Sugiyama T, Takahashi K, Tokoro S, Gotou T, Neri P, Mori H. Inhibitory effect of 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid on LPS-induced IL-6 production via reducing IκB-ζ expression. Innate Immun 2011; 18:429-37. [PMID: 21948282 DOI: 10.1177/1753425911416022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA), a major fatty acid component of royal jelly, was investigated on LPS-induced cytokine production in murine macrophage cell line, RAW264 cells. 10H2DA inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 production dose-dependently, but did not inhibit TNF-α production. 10H2DA inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, NF-κB activation induced by over-expression of either MyD88 or Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) was also inhibited by 10H2DA. Degradation of IκB-α and phosphorylation of IκB kinase-α were not inhibited by 10H2DA. On the other hand, reduction of LPS-induced IκB-ζ expression was discovered. Production of lipocalin-2 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is dependent on IκB-ζ, was also inhibited by 10H2DA, whereas that of IκB-ζ-independent cytokines/chemokines, such as IFN-β, murine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (JE), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-2, was not. Together, 10H2DA specifically inhibited LPS-induced IκB-ζ expression, followed by inhibition of IκB-ζ-dependent gene production. These results suggest that 10H2DA is one of the components of royal jelly to show anti-inflammatory effects and could be a therapeutic drug candidate for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases associated with IκB-ζ and IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Honda Y, Fujita Y, Maruyama H, Araki Y, Ichihara K, Sato A, Kojima T, Tanaka M, Nozawa Y, Ito M, Honda S. Lifespan-extending effects of royal jelly and its related substances on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23527. [PMID: 21858156 PMCID: PMC3153499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most important challenges in the study of aging is to discover compounds with longevity-promoting activities and to unravel their underlying mechanisms. Royal jelly (RJ) has been reported to possess diverse beneficial properties. Furthermore, protease-treated RJ (pRJ) has additional pharmacological activities. Exactly how RJ and pRJ exert these effects and which of their components are responsible for these effects are largely unknown. The evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that control longevity have been indicated. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether RJ and its related substances exert a lifespan-extending function in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and to gain insights into the active agents in RJ and their mechanism of action. Principal Findings We found that both RJ and pRJ extended the lifespan of C. elegans. The lifespan-extending activity of pRJ was enhanced by Octadecyl-silica column chromatography (pRJ-Fraction 5). pRJ-Fr.5 increased the animals' lifespan in part by acting through the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, the activation of which is known to promote longevity in C. elegans by reducing insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS). pRJ-Fr.5 reduced the expression of ins-9, one of the insulin-like peptide genes. Moreover, pRJ-Fr.5 and reduced IIS shared some common features in terms of their effects on gene expression, such as the up-regulation of dod-3 and the down-regulation of dod-19, dao-4 and fkb-4. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), which was present at high concentrations in pRJ-Fr.5, increased lifespan independently of DAF-16 activity. Conclusions/Significance These results demonstrate that RJ and its related substances extend lifespan in C. elegans, suggesting that RJ may contain longevity-promoting factors. Further analysis and characterization of the lifespan-extending agents in RJ and pRJ may broaden our understanding of the gene network involved in longevity regulation in diverse species and may lead to the development of nutraceutical interventions in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Honda
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujita
- Department of Longevity and Aging Research, Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroe Maruyama
- API Company Limited, Nagaragawa Research Center, Nagarayamasaki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoko Araki
- API Company Limited, Nagaragawa Research Center, Nagarayamasaki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenji Ichihara
- API Company Limited, Nagaragawa Research Center, Nagarayamasaki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Computational Systems Biology Research Group, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Kojima
- Computational Systems Biology Research Group, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nozawa
- Department of Longevity and Aging Research, Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Food and Health, Tokai Gakuin University, Naka-kirinocho, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Department of Longevity and Aging Research, Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shuji Honda
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
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Park HM, Hwang E, Lee KG, Han SM, Cho Y, Kim SY. Royal jelly protects against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts via enhancing collagen production. J Med Food 2011; 14:899-906. [PMID: 21812645 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ) is a honeybee product containing proteins, carbohydrates, fats, free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. As its principal unsaturated fatty acid, RJ contains 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), which may have antitumor and antibacterial activity and a capacity to stimulate collagen production. RJ has attracted interest in various parts of the world for its pharmacological properties. However, the effects of RJ on ultraviolet (UV)-induced photoaging of the skin have not been reported. In this study we measured the 10-HDA content of RJ by high-performance liquid chromatography and tested the effects of RJ on UVB-induced skin photoaging in normal human dermal fibroblasts. The effects of RJ and 10-HDA on UVB-induced photoaging were tested by measuring procollagen type I, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 after UVB irradiation. The RJ contained about 0.211% 10-HDA. The UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts treated with RJ and 10-HDA had increased procollagen type I and TGF-β1 productions, but the level of MMP-1 was not changed. Thus RJ may potentially protect the skin from UVB-induced photoaging by enhancing collagen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Park
- Department of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Antidepressant-like activity of 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic Acid, a unique unsaturated Fatty Acid of royal jelly, in stress-inducible depression-like mouse model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:139140. [PMID: 21799699 PMCID: PMC3143448 DOI: 10.1155/2012/139140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of depression and anxiety appeared in mice after they had been subjected to a combination of forced swimming for 15 min followed by being kept in cages that were sequentially subjected to leaning, drenching, and rotation within 1-2 days for a total of 3 weeks. The animals were then evaluated by the tail-suspension test, elevated plus-maze test, and open-field test at 1 day after the end of stress exposure. Using these experimental systems, we found that 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (HDEA), an unsaturated fatty acid unique to royal jelly (RJ), protected against the depression and anxiety when intraperitoneally administered once a day for 3 weeks simultaneously with the stress loading. Intraperitoneally administered RJ, a rich source of HDEA, was also protective against the depression, but RJ given by the oral route was less effective. Our present results demonstrate that HDEA and RJ, a natural source of it, were effective in ameliorating the stress-inducible symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Kim J, Kim Y, Yun H, Park H, Kim SY, Lee KG, Han SM, Cho Y. Royal jelly enhances migration of human dermal fibroblasts and alters the levels of cholesterol and sphinganine in an in vitro wound healing model. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:362-8. [PMID: 21103081 PMCID: PMC2981718 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.5.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of royal jelly (RJ) promotes wound healing in diabetic mice. Concerns have arisen regarding the efficacy of RJ on the wound healing process of normal skin cells. In this study, a wound was created by scratching normal human dermal fibroblasts, one of the major cells involved in the wound healing process. The area was promptly treated with RJ at varying concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, or 5 mg/ml for up to 48 hrs and migration was analyzed by evaluating closure of the wound margins. Furthermore, altered levels of lipids, which were recently reported to participate in the wound healing process, were analyzed by HPTLC and HPLC. Migration of fibroblasts peaked at 24 hrs after wounding. RJ treatment significantly accelerated the migration of fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner at 8 hrs. Although RJ also accelerated the migration of fibroblasts at both 20 hrs and 24 hrs after wounding, the efficacy was less potent than at 8 hrs. Among various lipid classes within fibroblasts, the level of cholesterol was significantly decreased at 8 hrs following administration of both 0.1 ug/ml and 5 mg/ml RJ. Despite a dose-dependent increase in sphinganines, the levels of sphingosines, ceramides, and glucosylceramides were not altered with any concentration of RJ. We demonstrated that RJ enhances the migration of fibroblasts and alters the levels of various lipids involved in the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi 446-701, Korea
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Hattori N, Ohta S, Sakamoto T, Mishima S, Furukawa S. Royal jelly facilitates restoration of the cognitive ability in trimethyltin-intoxicated mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011:165968. [PMID: 19376837 PMCID: PMC3094710 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is a toxic organotin compound that induces acute neuronal death selectively in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) followed by cognition impairment; however the TMT-injured hippocampal DG itself is reported to regenerate the neuronal cell layer through rapid enhancement of neurogenesis. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/NPCs) are present in the adult hippocampal DG, and generate neurons that can function for the cognition ability. Therefore, we investigated whether royal jelly (RJ) stimulates the regenerating processes of the TMT-injured hippocampal DG, and found that orally administered RJ significantly increased the number of DG granule cells and simultaneously improved the cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we have already shown that RJ facilitates neurogenesis of cultured NS/NPCs. These present results, taken together with previous observations, suggest that the orally administered RJ may be a promising avenue for ameliorating neuronal function by regenerating hippocampal granule cells that function in the cognition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hattori
- Nagaragawa Research Center, API Co., Ltd, Nagara, Gifu 502-0071, Japan
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Shen L, Zhang W, Jin F, Zhang L, Chen Z, Liu L, Parnell LD, Lai CQ, Li D. Expression of recombinant AccMRJP1 protein from royal jelly of Chinese honeybee in Pichia pastoris and its proliferation activity in an insect cell line. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:9190-9197. [PMID: 23654243 DOI: 10.1021/jf1007133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Major royal jelly protein 1 (MRJP1) is the most abundant member of the major royal jelly protein (MRJP) family of honeybee. Mature MRJP1 cDNA of the Chinese honeybee (Apis cerana cerana MRJP1, or AccMRJP1) was expressed in Pichia pastoris. SDS-PAGE showed that recombinant AccMRJP1 was identical in molecular weight to the glycosylated AmMRJP1 from the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera). Western blots probed with anti-AccMRJP1 antibody demonstrated that recombinant AccMRJP1 and soluble protein of the Western honeybee RJ (AmSPRJ) contained immunoreactive MRJP1. The 57 kDa protein in AmSPRJ contained an N-terminal amino sequence of N-I-L-R-G-E, which is identical to that previously characterized in AmMRJP1. The molecular weight of recombinant AccMRJP1 was decreased from 57 to 48 kDa after deglycosylation, indicating that AccMRJP1 was glycosylated. The recombinant AccMRJP1 significantly stimulated Tn-5B-4 cell growth, similar to AmSPRJ and fetal bovine serum, and affected cell shape and adhesion to the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 310029.
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