• elderly
• frailty
• mean pulse oxygen saturation
• obstructive sleep apnea

• Humans
• Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/epidemiology
• Male
• Female
• Aged
• Frailty/epidemiology
• Prospective Studies
• Polysomnography
• Oxygen Saturation
• Incidence
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Frail Elderly/statistics & numerical data
• Risk Factors
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Middle Aged
• Aged, 80 and over

• Humans
• Resistance Training/methods
• Hypoxia/physiopathology
• Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
• Altitude
• Muscle Strength/physiology
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiology

• Disease modification
• Disease-modifying tria
• Hypoxia
• Mitochondrial dysfunction
• Oxidative stress
• Parkinson's disease
• hypoxic conditioning

• Adult
• Aged
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Double-Blind Method
• Hypoxia
• Parkinson Disease/drug therapy
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

• MJFF-019201 Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
• MJFF-019201 Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
• MJFF-019201 Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
• MJFF-019201 Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
• MJFF-019201 Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
• Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research

• body mass index
• percentage of fat mass
• percentage of muscle mass
• percentage of visceral fat
• physical activity programs

• aerobic exercise
• exercise intensity
• heart rate variability
• high altitude
• lowlanders

• Parkinson's disease
• hypoxia
• hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
• mitochondrial dysfunction
• neuroprotection

• Humans
• Parkinson Disease/therapy
• Parkinson Disease/metabolism
• Oxidative Stress
• Neuroprotection
• Hypoxia

• 019201 Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research

• Bone
• Fitness
• Hypoxia
• Inflammatory biomarkers
• Muscle
• Whole-body vibration

• Humans
• Aged
• Vibration/therapeutic use
• Aging/physiology
• Exercise Therapy/methods
• Resistance Training
• Exercise
• Muscle Strength/physiology

• GR21189 Junta de Extremadura
• IB18010 Junta de Extremadura
• Universidad de Extremadura

• metabolism
• predictive markers

• Humans
• Lactic Acid
• Anaerobic Threshold
• Sweat
• Reproducibility of Results
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Hypoxia
• Oxygen Consumption
• Exercise Test

• 21ek0210130h0003 Grant-in-Aid from Scientific Research from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
• Kimura Memorial Heart Foundation Research Grant for 2019
• Suzuken Memorial Foundation
• Foundation for Total Health Promotion
• Research Grant for Public Health Science

• aerobic exercise training
• hypoxic conditioning
• meta-analysis
• obesity
• overweight
• systematic review
• weight loss

• Humans
• Overweight/therapy
• Glucose
• Blood Glucose
• Obesity/therapy
• Exercise/physiology
• Hypoxia/therapy
• Lipid Metabolism

• COVID-19
• health-related function
• obese women
• pilates

• Body fat
• Hypoxic training
• Lean mass
• Normobaric hypoxia
• Older adults

• Exercise
• Hypoxia
• IL-10
• IL-6
• Inflammatory cytokines
• TNF-α

• Bone health
• Cardiovascular health
• Elderly
• Functional fitness
• Metabolic health
• Normobaric hypoxia

• Adult
• Humans
• Overweight/therapy
• Blood Glucose
• Appetite
• Obesity/therapy
• Exercise/physiology
• Hypoxia
• Body Composition
• Inflammation
• Homeostasis

• Swinburne University of Technology

• dominant leg
• fat-free mass
• hand grip strength
• resistance band exercise
• senior fitness test

• Humans
• Female
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Resistance Training
• Bone Density/physiology
• Hand Strength/physiology
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
• Muscle Strength/physiology
• Body Composition/physiology
• Obesity/therapy

• cardiac function
• endurance exercise
• hypoxia
• metabolic function
• same heart rate level
• skeletal muscle oxygenation

• aged
• evidence map
• lifestyle interventions
• obesity

Objective: Fat loss theory under various oxygen conditions has been disputed, and relevant systematic review studies are limited. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether hypoxic exercise training (HET) leads to superior fat-reducing compared with normoxic exercise training (NET).

Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost from inception to June 2022 for articles comparing the effects of hypoxic and normoxic exercise on body composition indicators, glycometabolism, and lipometabolism indicators in obese and overweight adults. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Between-study heterogeneity was examined using the I² test and evaluated publication bias via Egger’s regression test. The risk of bias assessment was performed for each included trial using Cochrane Evaluation Tool second generation. The meta-analysis was performed by using R 4.1.3 and RevMan 5.3 analytic tools.

Results: A total of 19 RCTs with 444 subjects were analyzed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them, there were 14 English literature and five Chinese literature. No significant difference in body composition (SMD -0.10, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.01), glycometabolism and lipid metabolism (SMD -0.01, 95% CI -0.13 to -0.10) has been observed when comparing the HET and NET groups. We only found low heterogeneity among trials assessing glycometabolism and lipometabolism (I² = 20%, p = 0.09), and no publication bias was detected.

Conclusion: The effects of HET and NET on fat loss in overweight or obese people are the same. The application and promotion of HET for fat reduction need further exploration.

• National Key Research and Development Program of China
• Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation

• National Research Foundation of Korea

The present study verified the effects of interval training under hypoxia, a novel exercise modality for health promotion, on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and arterial and hemorheological function in healthy women.

Twenty healthy Korean women (age: 19–29 [24.85 ± 3.84] years) were equally assigned to interval normoxic training (INT, n = 10; residing and training under normoxia) and interval hypoxic training (IHT, n = 10; residing under normoxia and training under 526 mmHg hypobaric hypoxia) groups. All participants performed 90-min of training sessions composed of 15-min of warm-up, 60-min of interval training, and 15-min of cool-down. The interval training sessions composed of 10 repetitions of interval exercise using a treadmill (5 min of exercise corresponding to 90–95% maximal heart rate [HR] and 1 min of rest). The training was performed 3 days per week for 6 weeks. All participants underwent body composition, HR variability, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), red blood cell (RBC) deformability and aggregation, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) measurements before and after training.

There were no significant differences in body composition between the groups. The IHT group showed a significant improvement in the ANS function (root mean square of successive differences, high frequency, and low frequency/high frequency ratio), arterial stiffness, arterial endothelial function (FMD), hemorheological function (RBC deformability and aggregation), and aerobic performance (VO₂max) compared with the INT (all p < 0.05).

In comparison with the interval training under normoxia, the interval training under hypoxia is a novel and effective exercise modality for promoting aerobic performance with the ANS and arterial and hemorheological function in healthy women.

• arterial endothelial function
• arterial stiffness
• erythrocyte deformability and aggregation
• heart rate variability
• hypoxia
• interval training
• maximal oxygen uptake

Hypoxic conditioning has been proposed as a new tool to mitigate the sarcopenia and enhance health-related function, but decrements in standing balance have been observed during hypoxia exposure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a hypoxic conditioning training on functional fitness, balance and fear of falling in healthy older adults.

A total of 54 healthy older adults (aged 65–75 years), who voluntarily participated in the study, were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (CON), the normoxia training group (NT) that performed strength training in normoxia, and the hypoxia training group (HT) that trained under moderate hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 2500 m asl. The training programme that was performed during 24 weeks was similar in both experimental groups and consisted of a full-body workout with elastic bands and kettlebells (three sets × 12–15 reps). The Senior Fitness Test (SFT), the Single Leg Stance test (SLS) and the Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) were assessed before and after the intervention.

Results showed that after training, either in normoxia or in hypoxia, the participants increased upper and lower body strength, and the aerobic endurance, and decreased the fear of falling.

The moderate hypoxic conditioning seems to be a useful tool to increase the functional capacity in healthy older adults without observing a decline in balance.

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04281264. Registered February 9, 2019-Retrospectively registered.

• Falling
• Fitness
• Hypoxia
• Older adults
• Strength training

This review aims to summarize the health benefits of exposure to hypoxic conditions during exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exposure to hypoxic conditions during exercise training positively changes the physiological response in healthy subjects. Exposure to hypoxic conditions during exercise could markedly increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake compared to that in normoxic conditions. Furthermore, post-exercise insulin sensitivity of T2DM patients increases more when exercising under hypoxic than under normoxic conditions. Regular exercise under short-term hypoxic conditions can improve blood glucose control at lower workloads than in normoxic conditions. Additionally, exercise training under short-term hypoxic conditions can maximize weight loss in overweight and obese patients. Previous studies on healthy subjects have reported that regular exercise under hypoxic conditions had a more positive effect on vascular health than exercising under normoxic conditions. However, currently, evidence indicating that exposure to hypoxic conditions could positively affect T2DM patients in the long-term is lacking. Therefore, further evaluations of the beneficial effects of exercise under hypoxic conditions on the human body, considering different cycle lengths, duration of exposures, sessions per day, and the number of days, are necessary. In this review, we conclude that there is evidence that exercise under hypoxic conditions can yield health benefits, which is potentially valuable in terms of clinical care as a new intervention for T2DM patients.

• Exercise
• Hypoxia
• Insulin-resistance
• Metabolism
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Weight loss

Hypoxic training is often performed by competitive swimmers to enhance their performance in normoxia. However, the beneficial effects of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and endurance exercise performance remain controversial. Here we investigated whether six weeks of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia can improve hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, ANS function, and endurance exercise performance versus normoxia in amateur male swimmers. Twenty amateur male swimmers were equally assigned to the hypoxic training group or normoxic training group and evaluated before and after six weeks of training. Aerobic continuous and interval training in the hypoxia showed a more significantly improved hemodynamic function (heart rate, −653.4 vs. −353.7 beats/30 min; oxygen uptake, −62.45 vs. −16.22 mL/kg/30 min; stroke volume index, 197.66 vs. 52.32 mL/30 min) during submaximal exercise, ANS function (root mean square of successive differences, 10.15 vs. 3.32 ms; total power, 0.72 vs. 0.20 ms²; low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, −0.173 vs. 0.054), and endurance exercise performance (maximal oxygen uptake, 5.57 vs. 2.26 mL/kg/min; 400-m time trial record, −20.41 vs. −7.91 s) than in the normoxia. These indicate that hypoxic training composed of aerobic continuous and interval exercise improves the endurance exercise performance of amateur male swimmers with better hemodynamic function and ANS function.

• aerobic continuous and interval training
• amateur male swimmers
• autonomic nervous system function
• endurance exercise performance
• hemodynamic function
• hypoxia

• Athletes
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Hemodynamics
• Humans
• Hypoxia
• Male
• Oxygen Consumption
• Physical Endurance

The presence of a well-developed collateral circulation in the area of the artery responsible for the infarction improves the prognosis of patients and leads to a smaller area of infarction. One of the factors influencing the formation of collateral circulation is hypoxia, which induces angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, which in turn cause the formation of new vessels. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endurance training conducted under normobaric hypoxia in patients after myocardial infarction at the level of exercise tolerance and hemodynamic parameters of the left ventricle. Thirty-five patients aged 43–74 (60.48 ± 4.36) years who underwent angioplasty with stent implantation were examined. The program included 21 training units lasting about 90 min. A statistically significant improvement in exercise tolerance assessed with the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was observed: test duration (p < 0.001), distance covered (p < 0.001), HRmax (p = 0.039), maximal systolic blood pressure (SBPmax) (p = 0.044), peak minute ventilation (VE) (p = 0.004) and breathing frequency (BF) (p = 0.044). Favorable changes in left ventricular hemodynamic parameters were found for left ventricular end-diastolic dimension LVEDD (p = 0.002), left ventricular end-systolic dimension LVESD (p = 0.015), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.021), lateral e’ (p < 0.001), septal e’ (p = 0.001), and E/A (p = 0.047). Endurance training conducted in hypoxic conditions has a positive effect on exercise tolerance and the hemodynamic indicators of the left ventricle.

• cardiac rehabilitation
• endurance activity
• exercise tolerance
• left ventricle
• normobaric hypoxia

• hypertrophy
• muscular function
• new therapeutic modality
• resistance training in hypoxia
• sarcopenia

• glucose metabolism
• hypoxic training
• insulin resistance
• obesity
• prediabetes

• Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique
• Fonds Spécial de Recherche (FSR) from the UCLouvain

This study examined the effect of Pilates training under hypoxia, a novel treatment method, for obesity. Thirty-two Korean women with obesity (age: 34–60 (47.5 ± 7.5) years) were randomly assigned to control (CON; n = 10), normoxic Pilates training (NPTG; n = 10), and hypoxic Pilates training groups (HPTG; n = 12). The NPTG and HPTG performed 50 min of Pilates training using a tubing band for 12 weeks (3 days/week) in their respective environmental conditions (NPTG: normoxic condition, inspired oxygen fraction (F_iO₂) = 20.9%; HPTG: moderate hypoxic condition, F_iO₂ = 14.5%). The CON maintained their daily lifestyle without intervention. All subjects underwent body composition, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, vascular endothelial function, cardiometabolic biomarker, hemorheological function, and aerobic performance measurements before and after the intervention. The HPTG showed a significant improvement in diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, flow-mediated dilation, and erythrocyte deformability and aggregation (all p < 0.05) compared with the CON and NPTG. However, compared with the CON and NPTG, the HPTG did not show improvement in other parameters. Hypoxic Pilates intervention is a novel and successful method for promoting endothelial and hemorheological functions in women with obesity.

• Pilates intervention
• hemorheological function
• hypoxia
• obesity
• vascular endothelial function

• Adult
• Blood Pressure
• Body Composition
• Exercise Movement Techniques
• Female
• Humans
• Hypoxia
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/therapy
• Triglycerides

Hypoxic exercise may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce and prevent obesity through the regulation of lipid metabolism. During hypoxic exercise, the targeting of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) by miR-27b has been proposed to be one of the mechanisms involved in the modulation of lipid metabolism. We have previously shown that miR-27b can repress PPARγ and lipid metabolism-associated factors, thereby affecting lipid metabolism during hypoxic exercise in a rat model of obesity. In the current study, we aimed to confirm the role of miR-27b in the regulation of lipid metabolism. First, miR-27b expression was either upregulated or downregulated through the injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9 containing a miR-27b expression cassette or miR-27b-3p inhibitor, respectively, into the right gastrocnemius muscle of obese rats. The rats were then subjected to a 4-week program of hypoxic exercise, and a series of parameters related to lipid metabolism were systematically evaluated, including body composition, blood lipid levels, miR-27b RNA levels, and mRNA and protein levels of PPARγ and those of its downstream lipid metabolism-associated factors. No significant differences were found in body composition between rats expressing different levels of miR-27b. However, regarding blood lipids, miR-27b overexpression led to increased concentrations of triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and free fatty acids (FFAs), while inhibition of miR-27b decreased the total cholesterol (TC) level and increased that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). At the mRNA level, miR-27b overexpression downregulated the expression of Pparγ, but upregulated that of lipid metabolism-associated factors such as heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), whereas miR-27b inhibition elicited the opposite effect; however, inhibition of miR-27b led to elevated cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and fatty acid translocase 36 (CD36) levels. Similarly, at the protein level, miR-27b overexpression promoted a decrease in the concentration of PPARγ, whereas miR-27b inhibition led to an increase in PPARγ levels, as well as those of CYP7A1, CD36, ATGL, and LPL. Overall, our results indicated that hypoxic exercise regulates lipid metabolism via the miR-27b/PPARγ pathway and modulates ATGL and LPL expression through inducing their post-transcriptional modifications.

• PPARγ
• hypoxic exercise
• lipid metabolism
• miR-27b
• skeletal muscle

Fitness centers are remarkably abundant in Cameroon. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of a 12-week training program on the anthropometric and physiological profiles of some participants in a fitness center. A total of 86 participants (40 from the experimental group and 46 from the control group) with age ranging from 17 to 53 years were subjected to pre- and posttraining assessments of, anthropometric parameters, physiological parameters, and performance. Anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC]) and blood pressure (diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure [SBP]) were measured according to standard protocols. Heart rate was recorded using a heart rate monitor. Cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake or VO_2peak) was estimated by the 20-multistage shuttle run test. All the data was collected twice within 12 weeks. Weight, BMI, and WC did not show any significant variation (P>0.05) after a 12-week training program. VO_2peak increase was insignificant (P>0.05) higher in men (7.5%, P=0.06), compared to women (5.4%, P=0.4). We noticed a significant reduction (P=0.002) in the SBP of men. Significant increase of HR max was found in women. There was an improvement of 13.7% in the VO_2peak of the participants who did not consume alcohol. These results demonstrate the slight benefits of a 12-week training program on health. The weight characteristics of the participants and lifestyle may play an important role in these interactions.

• Cameroon
• Fitness center
• Healthy participants
• Training program

This study aimed to compare the effects of an acute Pilates program under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions on the metabolic, cardiac, and vascular functions of the participants. Ten healthy female Pilates experts completed a 50-min tubing Pilates program under normoxic conditions (N trial) and under 3000 m (inspired oxygen fraction = 14.5%) hypobaric hypoxia conditions (H trial) after a 30-min exposure in the respective environments on different days. Blood pressure, branchial ankle pulse wave velocity, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the branchial artery were measured before and after the exercise. Metabolic parameters and cardiac function were assessed every minute during the exercise. Both trials showed a significant increase in FMD; however, the increase in FMD was significantly higher after the H trial than that after the N trial. Furthermore, FMD before exercise was significantly higher in the H trial than in the N trial. In terms of metabolic parameters, minute ventilation, carbon dioxide excretion, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbohydrate oxidation were significantly higher but fat oxidation was lower during the H trial than during the N trial. In terms of cardiac function, heart rate was significantly increased during the H trial than during the N trial. Our results suggested that, compared to that under normoxic conditions, Pilates exercise under hypoxic conditions led to greater metabolic and cardiac responses and also elicited an additive effect on vascular endothelial function.

• Pilates exercise
• cardiac function
• endothelial function
• hypoxia
• metabolic parameters

This study evaluated the effects of intermittent interval training in hypoxic conditions for six weeks compared with normoxic conditions, on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, immune function, and athletic performance in middle- and long-distance runners. Twenty athletes were divided into normoxic training (normoxic training group (NTG); n = 10; residing and training at sea level) and hypoxic training (hypoxic training group (HTG); n = 10; residing at sea level but training in 526-mmHg hypobaric hypoxia) groups. All dependent variables were measured before, and after, training. The training frequency was 90 min, 3 d per week for six weeks. Body composition showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the HTG showed more significantly improved athletic performance (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake). The hemodynamic function (e.g., oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and cardiac output) during submaximal exercise and ANS function (e.g., standard deviation and root mean square of successive differences, high frequency, and low/high frequency) improved more in the HTG. Immune function parameters were stable within the normal range before and after training in both groups. Therefore, hypoxic training was more effective in enhancing athletic performance, and improving hemodynamic and ANS function; further, it did not adversely affect immune function in competitive runners.

• autonomic nervous system balance
• competitive middle- and long-distance runners
• exercise performance
• hemodynamic function
• immune function
• interval hypoxic training

• Adult
• Athletes
• Athletic Performance
• Exercise
• Humans
• Hypoxia
• Oxygen Consumption
• Running/physiology
• Young Adult

• obese women