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Hamed KE, Alsaif AN, Alhewairini SS, Sayyed RZ. Comprehensive analysis of microbiome biodiversity in popular date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit varieties. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20658. [PMID: 39232047 PMCID: PMC11375083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to its nutritional value and health benefits, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an essential dietary food crop throughout Middle Eastern and African countries. Consumers are concerned about the possible microbial contamination of dates, especially since most dates arriving in local markets are unprocessed. The absence of processing increases the possibility of microbial contamination, which raises the probability of microbial contamination. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the variability of fungal and bacterial microbiota identified in the most popular date palm fruits in Saudi Arabia. The study assessed ten date variety fruits from the most popular date palm varieties for consumption in Saudi Arabia and analyzed the microbial count. Morphological and molecular characterization and comparison of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences identified 78 fungi, including 36 distinct species across 15 fungal genera. Alternaria, Fusarium, Curvilaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium were the most frequent genera among the ten fruit cultivars studied, according to ITS-rDNA sequence analysis. Furthermore, 36 bacterial isolates were obtained from ten date varieties studied, each with a unique colony morphology. These isolates were identified based on sequence alignment and comparison of their 16S rDNA internal spacer regions to those available in public databases. The results showed that the bacterial isolates included 15 species from five bacterial genera. The results suggested that Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Brucella were the prevailing genera among the ten tested fruit varieties. Some bacterial genera, such as Brucella, Achromobacter, and Stenotrophomonas, are well-known potential human pathogens. Chaetomium globosum was also recognized as air pollution causing adverse health effects such as allergies and as the causal agent of human fungal infections among the tested date varieties; the Rashodiah type exhibited the highest fungal contamination, whereas the Sagai variety displayed the lowest fungal contamination. Conversely, the Sukkari, Barhi, and Mejdool varieties were the most contaminated with bacteria among the ten tested varieties, while the Khalas variety showed the least bacterial contamination. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study provides the initial comprehensive account of the molecular and morphological identification of all fungal and bacterial genera associated with date palm (P. dactylifera) fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid E Hamed
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, PO Box 6622, 51452, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah N Alsaif
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, PO Box 6622, 51452, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Alhewairini
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, PO Box 6622, 51452, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
| | - R Z Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal's S. I. Patil Arts, G. B. Patel Science and STKV Sangh Commerce College, Shahada, 425409, India.
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Mirghani HO. Effect of dates on blood glucose and lipid profile among patients with type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1079-1085. [PMID: 38983813 PMCID: PMC11229973 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor fruit and vegetable consumption is one of the 10 major risk factors for mortality. There is a misconception regarding the consumption of dates among patients with diabetes. This manuscript assessed the effects of date consumption on fasting and postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, and microbial markers. Four literature databases were searched for relevant articles. Of the 595 studies retrieved, 24 assessed the effects of dates on glycemic control and lipids. Overall, the evidence suggests that dates have a lowering effect on blood glucose. Dates reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increase high-density lipoprotein levels. Dates also promote the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota. Therefore, patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia can consume dates to reduce their blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyder Osman Mirghani
- Internal Medicine, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, Tabuk 51941, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Abdel-Rahman GN, Saleh EM, Hegazy A, Fouzy AS, Embaby MA. Safety improvement of the open sun dried Egyptian Siwi dates using closed solar dryer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22425. [PMID: 38053903 PMCID: PMC10694329 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Egyptian Siwi dates dried using the open sun drying is exposed to different contaminants. So, the current study aims to use the closed solar dryer to improve Siwi date safety. The impact of washing and closed solar drying on the levels of microbial load, aflatoxins and heavy metals in Egyptian Siwi dates (ESD), in comparison to traditional open sun drying methods were examined. Two different drying techniques were employed to dry 300 kg of ESD. The microbial load was assessed following the two drying procedures. The levels of aflatoxins and heavy metals were analyzed using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) techniques, respectively, after both drying methods. Additionally, the influence of storage time on the microbial load of the ESD was also evaluated using standard methods. The findings of the current study demonstrated that the closed solar drying significantly reduced the total bacterial and fungal counts by 96 % and 93 %, respectively, when compared to open sun-drying. No aflatoxins were detected in both fresh Siwi dates and Siwi dates dried using closed solar drying. However, after open sun drying, two aflatoxins; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), were detected in the ESD, with concentrations of 0.95 and 0.23 μg kg-1, respectively. The closed solar drying significantly decreased the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in the dried dates by 96 %, 94 %, 48 %, 71 %, 64 %, 4 %, 26 %, and 7 %, respectively, when compared to open sun drying. The stored Siwi dates that was exposed to the open sun drying showed a higher increase in bacterial (4.86 log CFU/g) and fungal (4.46 log CFU/g) counts. However, the stored Siwi dates that was exposed to the closed solar dryer showed a lower increase in bacterial (3.21 log CFU/g) and fungal (2.51 log CFU/g) counts. So, the duration of storage significantly impacted the microbial loads of the closed solar dried dates as compared to open sun drying. Overall, closed solar drying reduced the levels of investigated contaminants and extended the shelf life of ESD, thereby enhancing their safety for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gomaa N. Abdel-Rahman
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Essam M. Saleh
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aiat Hegazy
- Solar Energy Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S.M. Fouzy
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Embaby
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Worldwide, with a Focus on Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:576. [PMID: 37756002 PMCID: PMC10537527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruits are popular and nutritious snacks consumed worldwide due to their long shelf life and concentrated nutrient content. However, fruits can be contaminated with various toxigenic fungal species during different stages, including cultivation, harvesting, processing, drying, and storage. Consequently, these products may contain high levels of mycotoxins. This risk is particularly pronounced in developed countries due to the impact of climate change. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, including the type of fruit, geographical location, climate conditions, harvest treatments, and storage management practices. The main mycotoxins in dried fruits are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which can induce human health problems and economic losses. Mycotoxin contamination can vary significantly depending on the geographic origin of dried fruits (vine fruits, figs, dates, apricots, prunes, and mulberries). The aim of this review was to fill the knowledge gap by consolidating data from various regions to understand the global picture and identify regions with higher contamination risks. By consolidating research from various origins and stages of the supply chain, the review intends to shed light on potential contamination events during pre-harvest, drying, storage, and trading, while also highlighting the effects of storage conditions and climate change on mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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Pushparaj K, Meyyazhagan A, Pappuswamy M, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Liu W, Balasubramanian B. Occurrence, identification, and decontamination of potential mycotoxins in fruits and fruit by‐products. FOOD FRONTIERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Pushparaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Department of Life Science CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Manikantan Pappuswamy
- Department of Life Science CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute Warsaw Poland
| | - Wen‐Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang China
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Decontamination potential of date palm fruit via non-thermal plasma technique. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17323. [PMID: 36243776 PMCID: PMC9569378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of the surface dielectric barrier discharge technique (SDBD) was evaluated to decontaminate the date palm fruit. Preliminary investigations emphasized that Aspergillus niger fungus was predominant in most date samples as a post-harvest infestation. The influence of SDBD techniques on the viability of A. niger isolated from date varieties was investigated and documented. Physical and chemical characterizations of treated dates were assessed, and statistical correlation coefficients were calculated and elucidated. A 4 log10 reduction of A. niger radial growth was observed at 3 min exposure/15 days of incubation. Simultaneous reductions in pH, water activity, and moisture content of treated dates were observed when compared to untreated dates. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between physical and chemical variables with the viability of A. niger in treated samples. Therefore, we believe that SDBD treatment will be a promising technique for decontaminating date fruits from attacked fungi, which will positively impact sustainable food security and consumer health.
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Investigating the Efficacy of Tasmannia lanceolata Extract in Inactivating Fungi and Prolonging the Shelf Life of Date Fruit. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172631. [PMID: 36076815 PMCID: PMC9455253 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the world’s oldest cultivated plants. Post-harvest losses of date palm due to fungal contamination reached up to 50% of the total production. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the extract of Tasmanian pepper leaf (TPL) and the non-thermal treatment of photosensitization mediated by curcumin in reducing the fungal contamination and enhancing the shelf life of date palm. In the in vivo storage study, the dates were treated with three different concentrations of TPL extract 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL and stored at 30 °C. The findings obtained for the treatment with TPL extract exhibited potent antifungal activity against most of the tested fungi, where minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were < 25 µg/mL for polygodial, the bioactive compound in TPL. The shelf life of date palm treated by 50 µg/mL polygodial was extended up to 21 days, thrice as much as the untreated controls. In contrast, a lower concentration of TPL extract (25 µg/mL polygodial) revealed up to a 15-day shelf life extension compared to untreated dates (7 days). The results obtained from the study suggested that using TPL extracts against pathogenic and spoilage fungi occurring in fresh date fruits is a promising treatment for the shelf life extension of fresh date fruits at room temperature.
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Abstract
Due to global warming, the risk of aflatoxins exposure through the consumption of contaminated food has increased. Aflatoxins pose serious health hazards to humans’ and animals’ health because of their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties and their immunosuppressive effects. Aflatoxin contamination in various agricultural commodities has attracted much attention worldwide. Date palm fruits are among these important commodities that are vulnerable to fungal contamination and consequent aflatoxins production. Furthermore, dates are often consumed directly without any further processing, which may result in direct exposure to aflatoxins. Moreover, dates are the second dried fruits traded worldwide, which reflects the widespread consumption of dates due to their nutritive values in addition to religious and cultural values. Accordingly, this review summarizes and discusses the frequency and incidence of aflatoxin contamination in dates worldwide and outlines the analytical procedure for aflatoxin determination in dates for the first time. The susceptibility of date palm fruits to aflatoxins contamination has been documented at various levels in several regions. The findings urged the importance of conducting more comprehensive studies on aflatoxin occurrence and contamination levels in dates as a likely contributor to the dietary exposure to aflatoxins.
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Rahimi A, Sasani E, Rezaie S, Soltan Dallal MM, Mahmoudi S, Ahmadi A, Ghaffari M, Aala F, Khodavaisy S. Molecular identification of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in dried nuts and grains collected from Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1795-1799. [PMID: 34900308 PMCID: PMC8617228 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Agricultural commodities contaminated by molds and mycotoxins can be considered as public health problems in less developed countries, particularly in Iran. Hence the main purpose of this study was to identify mold fungi and molecular analysis of the most important species of aflatoxin-B1-producing Aspergillus species in some dried nuts and grains in local markets in Tehran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred fifty samples of wheat, rice, corn, pistachios, and peanuts were collected from the five different locations of Tehran between January 2018 and January 2019. The samples were analyzed by using direct seed inoculation method and grain crushing method. Fungal strains were identified as Aspergillus spp. on the basis of morphological characters and further confirmed by using of β-tubulin gene sequencing. To differentiate between aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp., the isolates were screened for the presence of aflatoxigenic genes (nor-1, ver-1, omtA, and aflR). RESULTS One-handed forty-eight aflatoxigenic Aspergillus isolates (144 A. flavus and 4 A. parasiticus) were identified and aflR gene was the most frequent gene in these species. Five isolates (4 A. flavus, 1 A. parasiticus) had quadruplet pattern, 64 isolates (63 A. flavus, 1 A. parasiticus) had more than 1 gene and 39 isolates (38 A. flavus,1 A. parasiticus) did not have any genes. CONCLUSION According to the contamination of dried nuts and grains by some aflatoxigenic fungi, an extensive surveillance is necessary to provide a wider view on these products. Moreover, effective and efficient aflatoxin control program requires identifying and managing key elements that are effective in reducing mycotoxin production at farm level or in storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Rahimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Sasani
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sassan Rezaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahram Mahmoudi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Ghaffari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-, Pishva, Iran
| | - Farzad Aala
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bartkiene E, Bartkevics V, Berzina Z, Klementaviciute J, Sidlauskiene S, Isariene A, Zeimiene V, Lele V, Mozuriene E. Fatty acid profile and safety aspects of the edible oil prepared by artisans' at small-scale agricultural companies. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5402-5414. [PMID: 34646511 PMCID: PMC8497834 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid (FA) profiles and mycotoxin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in sea buckthorn (SB1, SB2), flaxseed (FL3, FL4, FL5), hempseed (HE6, HE7, HE8), camelina (CA9, CA10), and mustard (MU11) edible oils, prepared by artisans' by artisanal at small-scale agricultural companies in Lithuania. The dominant FAs were palmitic and oleic acids in SB; palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids in FL; palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids in HE; palmitic, oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosenoic, and erucic acids in CA; and oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosenoic, and erucic acids in MU. In SB2 oil samples, T-2 toxin and zearalenone concentrations higher than 1.0 µg/kg were found (1.7 and 3.0 µg/kg, respectively). In sample FL4, an ochratoxin A concentration higher than 1.0 µg/kg was established (1.2 µg/kg); also, in HE8 samples, 2.0 µg/kg of zearalenone was found. None of the tested edible oils exceeded the limits for PAH concentration. Finally, because of the special place of edible oils in the human diet, not only should their contamination with mycotoxins and PAHs be controlled but also their FA profile, as an important safety characteristic, must be taken into consideration to ensure higher safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing TechnologiesLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
- Department of Food Safety and QualityLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment BIORRigaLatvia
| | - Zane Berzina
- Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment BIORRigaLatvia
| | - Jolita Klementaviciute
- Institute of Animal Rearing TechnologiesLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
| | - Sonata Sidlauskiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing TechnologiesLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
| | | | - Vaida Zeimiene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment InstituteVilniusLithuania
| | - Vita Lele
- Institute of Animal Rearing TechnologiesLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
- Department of Food Safety and QualityLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
| | - Erika Mozuriene
- Institute of Animal Rearing TechnologiesLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
- Department of Food Safety and QualityLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
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Sarraf M, Jemni M, Kahramanoğlu I, Artés F, Shahkoomahally S, Namsi A, Ihtisham M, Brestic M, Mohammadi M, Rastogi A. Commercial techniques for preserving date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) fruit quality and safety: A review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4408-4420. [PMID: 34354425 PMCID: PMC8324939 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit is increasing, therefore the demand for high-quality date palm fruit with less or no chemical treatment is the topic of interest for date producers and consumers. The quality of date palm fruit is much dependent on its postharvest handling and processing. For preventing the degradation and maintenance of the high quality of dates during the storage an appropriate harvest and post-harvest processes are required. The process should control the biotic and abiotic factors like insects, fungus, temperature, as well as handling and processing of dates. Therefore, in this work, we reviewed the literature related to the protection of date fruits during their post-harvest life. The commercially viable advance and updated techniques that can be used to avoid storage losses and problems while keeping fruit quality (nutritional, color, flavor, and texture) and microbial safety under optimal conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sarraf
- Department of Horticulture Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz 71987-74731, Iran
| | - Monia Jemni
- Regional Research Center in Oasis Agriculture of Degache, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Kahramanoğlu
- European University of Lefke, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Gemikonagi, via Mersin 10, 99780 Northern Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Francisco Artés
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, UPCT, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Shirin Shahkoomahally
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ahmad Namsi
- Regional Research Center in Oasis Agriculture of Degache, Tunisia
| | - Muhammad Ihtisham
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Mostafa Mohammadi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Anshu Rastogi
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland
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Rajarajan P, Sylvia K, Periasamy MP, Subramanian M. Detection of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus from animal feed in Karnataka, India. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2021; 36:e2021017-0. [PMID: 34353006 PMCID: PMC8598409 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic carcinogenic secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus and are responsible for contamination in animal feed. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in animal feed in Karnataka state, India. The screening was performed by desiccated coconut agar and quantification of aflatoxin by liquid ammonia vapor test, TLC and ELISA. A total of 29 samples received from different places of Karnataka were analysed for aflatoxin B1. Out of 29 animal feed sample aflatoxin B1 detected in 12 samples representing 41.38% at average concentration of 288.50 μg/kg. Out of 42 isolates screened in animal feed, Aspergillus flavus was found to be in 86.2% and Aspergillus niger was 24.1%. It was observed that out of 42 isolates analyzed from animal feed, aflatoxin B1 was detected in 12 samples. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common contaminant and the method is more sensitive in screening and detection of aflatoxin B1 in the animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pethannan Rajarajan
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bangalore, India
| | - Katherin Sylvia
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Maheswari Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bangalore, India
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Nikolchina I, Rodrigues P. A preliminary study on mycobiota and ochratoxin a contamination in commercial palm dates (Phoenix dactylifera). Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:215-220. [PMID: 34018144 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in palm dates has not been thoroughly documented. The aims of the present study were to identify the mycobiota present in commercial date samples (n = 19), to determine the ability of the isolated fungi to produce mycotoxins, and to determine and quantify the presence of OTA in date fruits. The majority of products originated from Tunisia (n = 14) and Algeria (n = 3). The dominant fungal species were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus flavus which were most frequently found in premium quality and organic produce, produced without chemical preservatives. OTA was found in only one sample at a concentration of 0.75 µg/kg, as determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Although this preliminary study did not find elevated levels of OTA, its presence in one out of 19 samples indicates that palm dates for human consumption require continuous and stringent control, in order to prevent contaminated produce from entering the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Nikolchina
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal.
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Althagafi AM, Alshegifi HM, Qussyier TS, Tobaiqy M, Abdalbasit M. Mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed in Saudi Arabia: review of occurrence and toxicity. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2021-1-174-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Mycotoxins are reported to have a considerable impact on the health of consumers. There has been plentiful research into the effects of mycotoxins, fungi, and bacteria on the safety and quality of food and feed. This research paper reviews the literature on mycotoxins.
Study objects and methods. The study focused on mycotoxins in food and feed produced in Saudi Arabia. We reviewed literature on the occurrence and health impacts of foodborne mycotoxins. We also studied the presence of mycotoxins in herbs, nuts, cereals, dried fruits and vegetables, infant formulas and baby foods, as well as dairy products. Finally, the paper offers a review of mycotoxin analysis methods.
Results and discussion. The findings showed that mycotoxins attract a lot of scientific interest in Saudi Arabia. Certain types of mycotoxins (zearalenone, aflatoxins) and fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus niger) were common in the samples (isolates) of products tested in the Saudi regions. Furthermore, the researchers used different techniques of analysis such as the HPLC method, dilution plate method, thin layer chromatography, total plate count method, and seed-plate method to detect, identify, and isolate mycotoxins.
Conclusion. Most importantly, the results showed that mycotoxins have serious health impacts on consumers and most of the contamination cases are caused by improper storage conditions and/or inappropriate handling and harvesting practices.
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Hussein MA, El-Said AHM, Yassein AS. Mycobiota associated with strawberry fruits, their mycotoxin potential and pectinase activity. Mycology 2020; 11:158-166. [PMID: 32923023 PMCID: PMC7448860 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1759719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-three species and variety belonging to 15 genera were collected from 30 strawberry fruit samples on Glucose-Czapek’s agar medium. Among them, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum were the most frequent species recovered from 53.3%, 70.0% and 50.0% of the samples, respectively. According to the ITS rDNA sequence, we confirmed the morphological identification result. Moreover, aflatoxin biosynthesis gene omt-A was detected in A. flavus, while Aopks gene was found in A. niger. Interestingly, we could not detect any aflatoxin or ochratoxin biosynthesis genes in the P. citrinum strain. The concentration of detected aflatoxin was 3.5 ppb produced by A. flavus, while A. niger gave 4.1 ppb as ochratoxin. A. flavus was the most pectinase producer among the selected strains, and the highest amount was obtained at 30°C after 6 days of incubation with initial medium pH 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hussein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H M El-Said
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S Yassein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Characterizing the Fungal Microbiome in Date ( Phoenix dactylifera) Fruit Pulp and Peel from Early Development to Harvest. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050641. [PMID: 32354087 PMCID: PMC7284588 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is considered to be a highly important food crop in several African and Middle Eastern countries due to its nutritional value and health-promoting properties. Microbial contamination of dates has been of concern to consumers, but very few works have analyzed in detail the microbial load of the different parts of date fruit. In the present work, we characterized the fungal communities of date fruit using a metagenomic approach, analyzing the data for differences between microbial populations residing in the pulp and peel of “Medjool” dates at the different stages of fruit development. The results revealed that Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera in both parts of the fruit, however, the distribution of taxa among the time points and tissue types (peel vs. pulp) was very diverse. Penicillium was more abundant in the pulp at the green developmental stage (Kimri), while Aspergillus was more frequent in the peel at the brown developmental stage (Tamer). The highest abundance of Alternaria was detected at the earliest sampled stage of fruit development (Hababauk stage). Cladosporium had a high level of abundance in peel tissues at the Hababauk and yellow (Khalal) stages. Regarding the yeast community, the abundance of Candida remained stable up until the Khalal stage, but exhibited a dramatic increase in abundance at the Tamer stage in peel tissues, while the level of Metschnikowia, a genus containing several species with postharvest biocontrol activity, exhibited no significant differences between the two tissue types or stages of fruit development. This work constitutes a comprehensive metagenomic analysis of the fungal microbiome of date fruits, and has identified changes in the composition of the fungal microbiome in peel and pulp tissues at the different stages of fruit development. Notably, this study has also characterized the endophytic fungal microbiome present in pulp tissues of dates.
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17
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Yassein AS, El‐Said AHM, El‐Dawy EGA. Biocontrol of toxigenic
Aspergillus
strains isolated from baby foods by essential oils. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S. Yassein
- Botany and Microbiology Department Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. M. El‐Said
- Botany and Microbiology Department Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt
| | - Eman G. A. El‐Dawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department Faculty of Science South Valley University Qena Egypt
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18
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19
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Abdallah MF, Krska R, Sulyok M. Occurrence of Ochratoxins, Fumonisin B 2 , Aflatoxins (B 1 and B 2 ), and Other Secondary Fungal Metabolites in Dried Date Palm Fruits from Egypt: A Mini-Survey. J Food Sci 2018; 83:559-564. [PMID: 29350762 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the natural co-occurrence of 295 fungal and bacterial metabolites in 28 samples of dried date palm fruits collected from different shops distributed in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt in 2016. Extraction and quantification of the target analytes were done using the "dilute and shoot" approach followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. In total, 30 toxic fungal metabolites were detected. Among these metabolites, 4 types of ochratoxins including ochratoxin type A and B were quantified in 3 samples (11%) with a contamination range from 1.48 to 6070 μg/kg for ochratoxin A and from 0.28 to 692 μg/kg for ochratoxin B. In addition, fumonisin B2 was observed in 2 (7%) samples with contamination levels ranging from 4.99 to 16.2 μg/kg. The simultaneous detection of fumonisin B2 in the same contaminated samples with ochratoxins indicates the fungal attack by Aspergillus niger species during storage. Only 1 sample was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (14.4 μg/kg) and B2 (2.44 μg/kg). The highest maximum concentration (90400 μg/kg) was for kojic acid that contaminated 43% of the samples. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the natural co-occurrence of fumonisin B2 and ochratoxin A and B in addition to a wide range of other fungal metabolites in date palm fruits. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by different fungi. These metabolites pose a potential risk on human health since they contaminate many food commodities. Among these, date palm fruits which are an integral part of diet in several countries. Therefore, detection of mycotoxins is a prerequisite to insure the safety of food. Here, different types of mycotoxins have been detected in levels that may have health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Dept. of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut Univ., Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Dept. IFA-Tulln, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Dept. IFA-Tulln, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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20
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Co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried fruits in Iran: Dietary exposure risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:202-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Al-Bulushi IM, Bani-Uraba MS, Guizani NS, Al-Khusaibi MK, Al-Sadi AM. Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis of fungal diversity in stored dates. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:72. [PMID: 28347268 PMCID: PMC5369213 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Date palm has been a major fruit tree in the Middle East over thousands of years, especially in the Arabian Peninsula. Dates are consumed fresh (Rutab) or after partial drying and storage (Tamar) during off-season. The aim of the study was to provide in-depth analysis of fungal communities associated with the skin (outer part) and mesocarp (inner fleshy part) of stored dates (Tamar) of two cultivars (Khenizi and Burny) through the use of Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Results The study revealed the dominance of Ascomycota (94%) in both cultivars, followed by Chytridiomycota (4%) and Zygomycota (2%). Among the classes recovered, Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Saccharomycetes and Sordariomycetes were the most dominant. A total of 54 fungal species were detected, with species belonging to Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Aspergillus comprising more than 60% of the fungal reads. Some potentially mycotoxin-producing fungi were detected in stored dates, including Aspergillus flavus, A. versicolor and Penicillium citrinum, but their relative abundance was very limited (<0.5%). PerMANOVA analysis revealed the presence of insignificant differences in fungal communities between date parts or date cultivars, indicating that fungal species associated with the skin may also be detected in the mesocarp. It also indicates the possible contamination of dates from different cultivars with similar fungal species, even though if they are obtained from different areas. Conclusion The analysis shows the presence of different fungal species in dates. This appears to be the first study to report 25 new fungal species in Oman and 28 new fungal species from date fruits. The study discusses the sources of fungi on dates and the presence of potentially mycotoxin producing fungi on date skin and mesocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M Al-Bulushi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box-34, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Muna S Bani-Uraba
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box-34, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Nejib S Guizani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box-34, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Mohammed K Al-Khusaibi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box-34, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Abdullah M Al-Sadi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box-34, Al-Khod, 123, Oman.
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Al-Asmari F, Nirmal N, Chaliha M, Williams D, Mereddy R, Shelat K, Sultanbawa Y. Physico-chemical characteristics and fungal profile of four Saudi fresh date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Food Chem 2016; 221:644-649. [PMID: 27979253 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical and microbial analyses of four commercial fresh date cultivars (Sukari, Barhi, Khalas and Rothana) grown in Saudi Arabia were evaluated. Colorimetric assay indicated that Sukari had the highest total sugar content of 13.21g/100gFW while the lowest was in Rothana with 7.96g/100gFW. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 76.74 to 122.20mgGAE/100gFW in Barhi and Rothana respectively, whereas antioxidant activity was highest in Sukari (105.99μgGAE/gFW) and lowest in Khalas (90.81μgGAE/gFW). The dominant fungal genera were Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. and Sarocladium sp., occurring at 37, 18, 13 and 12% respectively. The highest fungal occurrence was in Barhi (30%) followed by Sukari (29%), Khalas (26%) and Rothana (15%). The TPC had a negative correlation with fungal occurrence whilst the total sugars had a positive correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Al-Asmari
- Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Australia; Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Nirmal
- Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Mridusmita Chaliha
- Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Australia; Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Australia
| | - David Williams
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Australia
| | - Ram Mereddy
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Australia
| | - Kinnari Shelat
- Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Australia; Australian Institute of Nano and Bioengineering (AIBN), Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF), The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Queensland Alliance for Agricultural and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Australia.
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Belbahi A, Leguerinel I, Méot JM, Loiseau G, Madani K, Bohuon P. Modelling the effect of temperature, water activity and carbon dioxide on the growth of Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata isolated from fresh date fruit. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1685-1698. [PMID: 27626891 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To quantify and model the combined effects of temperature (T) (10-40°C), water activity (aw ) (0·993-0·818) and CO2 concentration (9·4-55·1%, v/v) on the growth rate of Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata that cause spoilage during the storage and packaging of dates. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of environmental factors were studied using the γ-concept. Cardinal models were used to quantify the effect of studied environmental factors on the growth rates. Firstly, the cardinal parameters were estimated independently from experiments carried out on potato dextrose agar using a monofactorial design. Secondly, model performance evaluation was conducted on pasteurized date paste. The boundary between growth and no-growth was predicted using a deterministic approach. Aspergillus niger displayed a faster growth rate and higher tolerance to low aw than Al. alternata, which in turn proved more resistant to CO2 concentration. Minimal cardinal parameters of T and aw were lower than those reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the aw and CO2 effects significantly affected As. niger and Al. alternata growth. The γ-concept model overestimated growth rates, however, it is optimistic and provides somewhat conservative predictions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The developed model provides a decision support tool for the choice of the date fruit conservation mode (refrigeration, drying, modified atmospheric packaging or their combination) using T, aw and CO2 as environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belbahi
- Laboratoire de Biomathématique, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - I Leguerinel
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Université de Brest, Quimper, France
| | - J-M Méot
- Food Process Engineering Research Unit, CIRAD, UMR QualiSud, Montpellier, France
| | - G Loiseau
- Food Process Engineering Research Unit, Montpellier SupAgro UMR QualiSud, Montpellier, France
| | - K Madani
- Laboratoire de Biomathématique, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - P Bohuon
- Food Process Engineering Research Unit, Montpellier SupAgro UMR QualiSud, Montpellier, France
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24
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Azaiez I, Font G, Mañes J, Fernández-Franzón M. Survey of mycotoxins in dates and dried fruits from Tunisian and Spanish markets. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Bessi H, Debbabi H, Grissa K, Bellagha S. Microbial Reduction and Quality of Stored Date Fruits Treated by Electrolyzed Water. J FOOD QUALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfq.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Bessi
- Laboratory of Agro-Food Economy, Sciences and Technology LR03AGR01; National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia; University of Carthage; Tunis 1001 Tunisia
| | - H. Debbabi
- Laboratory of Agro-Food Economy, Sciences and Technology LR03AGR01; National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia; University of Carthage; Tunis 1001 Tunisia
| | - K. Grissa
- Department of Plant Protection and Post-harvest Diseases, Laboratory of Entomology-Acarology; National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia; University of Carthage; Tunis Tunisia
| | - S. Bellagha
- Laboratory of Agro-Food Economy, Sciences and Technology LR03AGR01; National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia; University of Carthage; Tunis 1001 Tunisia
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