• Panax ginseng
• MAPK14
• cerebral infarction
• neuroinflammation
• single-cell sequencing
• transcriptomic analysis

• Atherosclerosis
• Lipid metabolism
• Lupus nephritis
• Panax notoginseng saponins (Pubchem CID: 297)
• SIRT1/PPARγ
• Steroid-resistance

• Animals
• Sirtuin 1/metabolism
• Sirtuin 1/genetics
• Saponins/pharmacology
• Saponins/therapeutic use
• Panax notoginseng/chemistry
• Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
• Mice
• PPAR gamma/metabolism
• PPAR gamma/genetics
• Signal Transduction/drug effects
• Lupus Nephritis/drug therapy
• Lupus Nephritis/metabolism
• Lupus Nephritis/pathology
• Female
• Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
• Atherosclerosis/metabolism
• Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
• Atherosclerosis/pathology
• Drug Resistance
• Apoptosis/drug effects

• Activated immune cell
• Adaptive immune cell
• Atherosclerosis
• Herbal medicine
• Inflammatory response
• Plaque formation

• Humans
• Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
• Atherosclerosis/immunology
• Animals
• Clinical Trials as Topic
• Inflammation/drug therapy
• Inflammation/immunology

Dementia is a prevalent condition in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. While Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is often employed as complementary therapy for glycemic control, its effect in controlling likelihood of dementia has not yet been fully elucidated.

To compare the risk of dementia between T2DM patients with and without CHM treatment.

We undertook a nested case-control study and obtained data on patients 20-70 years of age who received medical care for T2DM between 2001 and 2010 from the National Health Insurance Research database in Taiwan. Cases, defined as those with dementia that occurred at least one year after the diagnosis of T2DM, were randomly matched to controls without dementia from the study cohort at a 1:1 ratio. We applied conditional logistic regression to explore the associations between CHM treatment and dementia.

A total of 11699 dementia cases were matched to 11699 non-dementia controls. We found that adding CHM to conventional care was related to a lower risk of dementia [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.51], and high-intensity CHM treatment was associated with an adjusted OR of 0.22.

This study shows that the cumulative CHM exposure was inversely associated with dementia risk in an exposure-response manner, implying that CHM treatment may be embraced as a disease management approach for diabetic patients to prevent dementia.

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Dementia
• Chinese herbal medicine
• Nested case-control study
• Odds ratio

• Panax notoginseng saponins
• Xuesaitong
• acute ischemic stroke
• long-term functional outcomes
• meta-analysis
• neurological deficits
• systematic review

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the chronic gradual degradation of arteries in combination with inflammation. Currently, the main research focus has been on interactions between inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, and immune mechanisms, while some studies have reported natural drugs were exerting a critical role against AS, whereas the usage of natural drugs was always limited by various factors such as poor penetration across biological barriers, low bioavailability, and unclear mechanisms. Herein, we reviewed the potential targets for inflammation against AS, discussed the underlying mechanisms of natural drugs for AS, particularly highlighted the dilemma of current research, and finally, offered perspectives in this field.

Traditionally, Asian ginseng or Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng has long been used in Korea and China to treat various diseases. The main active components of Panax ginseng is ginsenoside, which is known to have various pharmacological treatment effects such as antioxidant, vascular easing, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anticancer. Most reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause chronic diseases such as myocardial symptoms and cause fatal oxidative damage to cell membrane lipids and proteins. Therefore, many studies that inhibit the production of oxidative stress have been conducted in various fields of physiology, pathophysiology, medicine and health, and disease. Recently, ginseng or ginsenosides have been known to act as antioxidants in vitro and in vivo results, which have a beneficial effect on preventing cardiovascular disease. The current review aims to provide mechanisms and inform precious information on the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on the prevention of oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease in animals and clinical trials.

Background: BuqiTongluo (BQTL) granules are herbal phenotypic drugs for Qi deficiency and blood stasis (QDBS) syndrome. Its discovery relied primarily on knowledge of observable phenotypic changes associated with diseases. Although BQTL granules have been widely advocated by Chinese Medicine (CM) practitioners, its use lacks empirical support.

Aim of the study: In this basket trial, the efficacy of BQTL granules in multiple diseases that have the QDBS syndrome in common will be compared with placebo.

Materials and Methods: The BuqiTongluo granule for Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome (BOSS) study is a basket herbal trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04408261). It will be a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter, clinical trial. In total, 432 patients (1:1:1 ischemic stroke, stable angina pectoris, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy), who meet the operationalized diagnostic criteria for QDBS syndrome, have been recruited and randomized in a ratio of 1:1 to receive 6 weeks’ treatment with BQTL granules or placebo. The primary outcome is the change in the QDBS syndrome score at week 6 from baseline. Secondary outcomes include objective outcome measures for the three diseases and adverse events. Omics will help to understand these responses by molecular events.

Conclusion: QDBS syndrome is a common phenotypic marker that was hypothesized to predict whether patients with multiple diseases would respond to this targeted therapy. No previous basket trial has assessed the potential efficacy of an herbal intervention for multiple diseases. The unique promise of the trial is its ability to exploit a disease phenotype to discover novel treatments for three diseases for which the root cause is unknown, complex, or multifactorial, and for which scientific understanding is insufficient to provide valid molecular targets.

• BuqiTongluo granule
• basket design
• efficacy
• herbal medicine
• randomized controlled trial

• LDL
• atherosclerosis
• cholesterol
• inflammation
• lncRNA
• medicinal plants
• microRNA

• Gene expression
• Leaf disease resistance
• Melatonin
• Panax notoginseng
• Saponin biosynthesis

• China
• Disease Resistance/physiology
• Melatonin/metabolism
• Panax notoginseng/growth & development
• Panax notoginseng/metabolism
• Plant Diseases
• Plant Leaves/metabolism
• Plants, Medicinal/growth & development
• Plants, Medicinal/metabolism
• Saponins/biosynthesis

Background: Although revascularization treatment is recommended as the first-line therapy for patients with non-minor acute ischemic stroke (AIS), it only benefits a minority of patients. Previous studies have reported the positive effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) (Xueshuantong lyophilized powder) on AIS, however, there have been no rigorous trials. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of PNS therapy for patients with AIS.

Methods: The Evaluation of Xueshuantong in Patients with acutE ischemiC sTroke (EXPECT) trial is a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study aiming to enroll 480 patients in China. Eligible patients with AIS within 72 h of symptom onset will randomly receive either PNS or PNS placebo for 10 days and subsequently be followed up to 90 days. The primary outcome will be a change in the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score from baseline to 10 post-randomization days. The secondary outcomes include early neurological improvement (proportion of patients with NIHSS score 0–1), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Scale for Stroke score at 10 post-randomization days, the proportion of patients with life independence (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–1), the proportion of patients with a favorable outcome (Barthel Index ≥90), and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life score at 90 days. Adverse events or clinically significant changes in vital signs and laboratory parameters, regardless of the severity, will be recorded during the trial to assess the safety of PNS.

Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first double-blind trial to assess the efficacy and safety of PNS in patients with AIS. Findings of the EXPECT trial will be valuable in improving evidence regarding the clinical application of PNS therapy in patients with AIS ineligible for revascularization treatment in the reperfusion era.

• acute ischemic stroke
• efficacy
• panax notoginseng saponins
• randomized controlled trial
• safety
• xueshuantong

• Phytotherapy
• atherosclerosis
• cardiovascular disease
• dyslipidemia
• hypertension
• medicinal herbs

• adult cardiology
• cardiology
• coronary heart disease

• Angina, Unstable/drug therapy
• Angina, Unstable/epidemiology
• China/epidemiology
• Double-Blind Method
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal
• Humans
• Incidence
• Multicenter Studies as Topic
• Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

• the second batch of national Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) clinical research base project
• This study has been supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan

• Atherosclerosis
• Tribulus terrestris L.
• adhesion molecules
• gene expression
• human endothelial cells
• saponin

• ApoE(−/−) mice
• Atherosclerosis
• Autophagy
• Exercise

• 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene- 2-O-β-D-glucoside
• ApoE(−/-) mice
• Atherosclerosis
• Gut microbiota
• Inflammation
• Polygoni multiflori radix praeparata

• Administration, Oral
• Animals
• Aorta/pathology
• Atherosclerosis/blood
• Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
• Atherosclerosis/etiology
• Atherosclerosis/pathology
• Chemokine CCL2/immunology
• Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
• Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
• Disease Models, Animal
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
• Glucosides/pharmacology
• Glucosides/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Inflammation/blood
• Inflammation/drug therapy
• Inflammation/etiology
• Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
• Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
• Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Knockout, ApoE
• Polygonum/chemistry
• Stilbenes/pharmacology
• Stilbenes/therapeutic use
• Triglycerides/blood
• Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
• Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
• Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
• Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism

• 20(S)-protopanaxadiol saponins
• 20(S)-protopanaxatriol saponins
• Panax notoginseng
• atherosclerosis
• vascular inflammation

• LDL oxidation
• antioxidant
• atherosclerosis
• medicinal plants
• oxidative stress
• reactive oxygen species

• Antioxidants/pharmacology
• Antioxidants/therapeutic use
• Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
• Atherosclerosis/metabolism
• Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
• Humans
• Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
• Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
• Nitric Oxide/metabolism
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
• Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
• Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
• Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Aβ plaque
• Chinese herbal medicine
• cerebral blood flow
• synapse
• two-photon imaging

Atherosclerosis is a widespread and chronic progressive arterial disease that has been regarded as one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is caused by the deposition of cholesterol, fats, and other substances in the tunica intima which leads to narrowing of the blood vessels, loss of elasticity, and arterial wall thickening, thus causing difficulty in blood flow. Natural products have been used as one of the most important strategies for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases for a long time. In recent decades, as interests in natural products including medicinal herbs have increased, many studies regarding natural compounds that are effective against atherosclerosis have been conducted. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief over-view of the natural compounds that have been used for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, and their mechanisms of action based on recent research.

• Atherosclerosis
• Cholesterol
• Mechanism of action
• Medicinal herb

Panax notoginseng saponins are extracted from Chinese ginseng—Panax notoginseng Ledeb—and are known to have therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects. However, the precise mechanism behind their anti-inflammatory effects remains relatively unknown. To better understand how Panax notoginseng saponins exert their therapeutic benefit, we tested them in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Rats received a tail vein injection of Panax notoginseng saponins and were administered 5% sodium taurocholate 2 h later. Pancreatic tissue was then harvested and levels of miR-181b, FSTL1, TREM1, TLR4, TRAF6, IRAK1, p-Akt, p-p38MAPK, NF-κBp65, and p-IκB-α were determined using Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TREM1, interleukin (IL)-6, ACAM-1, IL-8, and IL-12 and DNA-bound levels of NF-KB65 and TLR4 in pancreatic and ileum tissue. Serum levels of lipase and amylase, pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and pancreatic water content were also measured. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for all histological analyses. Results indicated upregulation of miR-181b, but negligible levels of FSTL1, p-p38MAPK, TLR4, TRAF6, p-Akt, IRAK1, TREM1, p-NF-κBp65, and p-IκB-α, as well as negligible DNA-bound levels of NF-KB65 and TLR4. We also observed lower levels of IL-8, IL-6, ACAM-1, TNF-α, MPO, and IL-12 in the Panax notoginseng saponin–treated group when compared with controls. In addition, Panax notoginseng saponin–treated rats had significantly reduced serum levels of lipase and amylase. Histological analyses confirmed that Panax notoginseng saponin treatment significantly reduced taurocholate-induced pancreatic inflammation. Collectively, our results suggest that Panax notoginseng saponin treatment attenuated acute pancreatitis and pancreatic inflammation by increasing miR-181b signaling. These findings suggest that Panax notoginseng saponins have therapeutic potential in the treatment of taurocholate-induced SAP.

Clopidogrel and Xuesaitong dispersible tablet (XST) have been clinically proven to be effective for treating cardiocerebrovascular disease. The present study was to investigate the herb-drug interaction of Clopidogrel and XST by modulation of the pharmacodynamics and liver Carboxylesterase 1A(CES1A) metabolism.

30 male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group (equal volumes of saline, 6 rats for mRNA analysis), a clopidogrel group (clopidogrel with dose 30 mg/kg), and a combination group (clopidogrel and XST, with dose 30 and 50 mg/kg respectively, each group continuous administration once daily for 30 days). The clopidogrel and combination group comprised 12 rats, with 6 designated for mRNA analysis and 6 for the pharmacokinetic study. The 2-bromo-3'-methoxyacetophenone- (MPB-) derivatized clopidogrel active thiol metabolite (CAMD) was measured by UHPLC-MS/MS for pharmacokinetics (n=6). The expression of CES1A mRNA was examined with real-time RT-PCR (n=6). Molecular simulation was used to investigate the inhibition effect of XST on the CES1A protein. The CAMD pharmacodynamics and CES1A metabolism were investigated to evaluated the herb-drug interaction.

Clopidogrel and XST coadministration appreciably increased the Cmax, AUC, and MRT of CAMD. However, the expression of CES1A mRNA was decreased accordingly. It also indicated that the bioactive components in XST had good interaction with the CES1A metabolism target by molecular simulation. The animal study indicated that clopidogrel and XST coadministration produced significant herb-drug interactions at active CAMD pharmacokinetic and CES1A metabolic enzyme aspect.

30-days dose of coadministration altered hepatic CES1A protein and resulted in reduced plasma levels of active CAMD. both the decreased CES1A mRNA expression and the inhibition on the protein were due to the combination of XST, which accordingly upregulated the pharmacokinetics of plasma active CAMD.

Herb–drug interactions strongly challenge the clinical combined application of herbs and drugs. Herbal products consist of complex pharmacological-active ingredients and perturb the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS)-based drugs are often combined with aspirin in vascular disease treatment in China. PNS was found to exhibit inhibitory effects on aspirin hydrolysis using Caco-2 cell monolayers. In the present study, a total of 22 components of PNS were separated and identified by UPLC-MS/MS. Using highly selective probe substrate analysis, PNS exerted robust inhibitory potency on human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2), while had a minor influence on hCE1, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and paraoxonase (PON). These effects were also verified through molecular docking analysis. PNS showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on hydrolytic activity of aspirin in HepaRG cells. The protein level of hCE2 in HepaRG cells was suppressed after PNS treatment, while the level of BChE or PON1 in the extracellular matrix were elevated after PNS treatment. Insignificant effect was observed on the mRNA expression of the esterases. These findings are important to understand the underlying efficacy and safety of co-administration of PNS and aspirin in clinical practice.

• HepaRG cells
• Panax notoginseng saponins
• aspirin
• herb–drug interactions

• Panax ginseng
• blood pressure
• lipid profile
• myocardial protection
• vasomotor tone

• Aspirin
• Herb–drug interaction
• Pharmacokinetics
• UHPLC-MS/MS
• Xuesaitong dispersible tablet

• Administration, Oral
• Animals
• Aspirin/adverse effects
• Blood Volume/drug effects
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacokinetics
• Ginsenosides/pharmacokinetics
• Herb-Drug Interactions
• Homeostasis/drug effects
• Male
• Rats
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Saponins/adverse effects
• Saponins/pharmacokinetics

• Panax notoginseng saponins
• metabolic syndrome
• nitric oxide
• vasodilation

• Botany and ethnopharmacology
• Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen
• Pharmacological activities
• Phytochemistry
• Toxicity

• Animals
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
• Ethnobotany
• Ethnopharmacology
• Humans
• Medicine, Chinese Traditional
• Panax/adverse effects
• Panax/chemistry
• Phytochemicals/adverse effects
• Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
• Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
• Phytotherapy
• Plants, Medicinal
• Risk Assessment
• Toxicity Tests

Recently, most anticancer drugs are derived from natural resources such as marine, microbial, and botanical sources, but the low success rates of chemotherapies and the development of multidrug resistance emphasize the importance of discovering new compounds that are both safe and effective against cancer. Ginseng types, including Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and notoginseng, have been used traditionally to treat various diseases, due to their immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antioxidative, and antitumor activities. Accumulating reports have shown that ginsenosides, the major active component of ginseng, were helpful for tumor treatment. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PDS) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol saponins (PTS) are two characteristic types of triterpenoid saponins in ginsenosides. PTS holds capacity to interfere with crucial metabolism, while PDS could affect cell cycle distribution and prodeath signaling. This review aims at providing an overview of PTS and PDS, as well as their metabolites, regarding their different anticancer effects with the proposal that these compounds might be potent additions to the current chemotherapeutic strategy against cancer.

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Research into the disease has led to many compelling hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic lesion formation and the resulting complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Herbal medicine has been widely used in China as well as other Asian countries for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases for hundreds of years; however, the mechanisms of action of Chinese herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis have not been well studied. In this review, we briefly describe the mechanisms of atherogenesis and then summarize the research that has been performed in recent years regarding the effectiveness and mechanisms of antiatherogenic Chinese herbal compounds in an attempt to build a bridge between traditional Chinese medicine and cellular and molecular cardiovascular medicine.

• Panax notoginseng saponins
• acute ethanol-induced liver injury
• hepatic lipid accumulation
• lipolysis
• oxidative stress

• Animals
• Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/drug therapy
• Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
• Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
• Ethanol/adverse effects
• Glutathione/metabolism
• Humans
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/metabolism
• Male
• Malondialdehyde/metabolism
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Panax notoginseng/chemistry
• Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
• Saponins/administration & dosage
• Triglycerides/metabolism

• angiogenesis
• ginsenoside Re
• ginsenoside Rg1
• human umbilical vein endothelial cell
• notoginsenoside R1
• zebrafish

• Panax notoginseng saponins
• Xueshuantong
• cerebral perfusion
• cerebrovascular disease
• grants-supported paper
• lacunar infarction
• neural regeneration
• neuroprotection
• neuroregeneration
• photographs-containing paper
• traditional Chinese medicine

• antioxidant effect
• cardiovascular diseases
• lipid profile
• myocardial protection
• vasomotor tone

Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The current study evaluated the interventional effects of a naturally occurring compound Notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) on atherosclerosis in ApoE^−/− mice.

The atherosclerotic lesion was significantly alleviated by NR1 treatment and this attenuation was marked by reduction in lipid deposition, fibrosis and oxidative stress. Increased serum levels of GSH and SOD and decreased level of MDH were observed in NR1-treated ApoE^−/− mice. NR1 treatment also significantly decreased the levels of CHO, TG, ox-LDL and increased the level of HDL. Additionally, the levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and γ-IFN were markedly reduced in NR1-treated ApoE^−/− mice. Furthermore, significantly increased aortic expression of miR-26a, miR-21, miR-126a, miR-132, miR-146 and miR-155 and decreased expression of miR-20a and miR-92a were observed in the vehicle-treated ApoE^−/− mice. While NR1 treatment led to a significant reduction in the expression of miR-21, miR-26a, miR-126 and increased expression of miR-20a.

Collectively, our results demonstrated for the first time the anti-atherosclerotic effects of NR1, which could be in part mediated through its multiple targeting effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and microRNA expression. These results therefore justify further evaluation of NR1 as a therapeutic agent treating atherosclerosis.

• Animals
• Aorta/drug effects
• Aorta/pathology
• Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
• Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
• Atherosclerosis/blood
• Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
• Atherosclerosis/genetics
• Atherosclerosis/pathology
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Disease Models, Animal
• Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
• Ginsenosides/pharmacology
• Ginsenosides/therapeutic use
• Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
• Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
• Lipids/blood
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• MicroRNAs/genetics
• MicroRNAs/metabolism
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects

Cardiovascular disease is the prime cause of morbidity and mortality and the population ages that may contribute to increase in the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Arginase upregulation is associated with impaired endothelial function in aged vascular system and thus may contribute to cardiovascular disease. According to recent research, Korean Red Ginseng water extract (KRGE) may reduce cardiovascular disease risk by improving vascular system health. The purpose of this study was to examine mechanisms contributing to age-related vascular endothelial dysfunction and to determine whether KRGE improves these functions in aged mice. Young (10±3 weeks) and aged (55±5 weeks) male mice (C57BL/6J) were orally administered 0, 10, or 20 mg/mouse/day of KRGE for 4 weeks. Animals were sacrificed and the aortas were removed. Endothelial arginase activity, nitric oxide (NO) generation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) coupling, vascular tension, and plasma peroxynitrite production were measured. KRGE attenuated arginase activity, restored nitric oxide (NO) generation, reduced ROS production, and enhanced eNOS coupling in aged mice. KRGE also improved vascular tension in aged vessels, as indicated by increased acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation and improved phenylephrine-stimulated vasoconstriction. Furthermore, KRGE prevented plasma peroxynitrite formation in aged mice, indicating reduced lipid peroxidation. These results suggest KRGE exerts vasoprotective effects by inhibiting arginase activity and augmenting NO signaling and may be a useful treatment for age-dependent vascular diseases.

• Aging
• Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
• Korean red ginseng extract
• Vasorelaxation