Correlation of serum cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant levels with Helicobacter pylori infection and disease severity in gastric cancer patients

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study population, n (%)

Characteristic	H. pylori positive (n = 138)	H. pylori negative (n = 120)	P value
Age (years)	60.1 ± 11.5	57.8 ± 10.9	0.423
Gender			0.035
Male	38 (27.5)	22 (18.3)
Female	100 (72.5)	98 (81.7)
TNM stage			0.007
Stage I	6 (4.3)	4 (3.3)
Stage II	22 (15.9)	8 (6.7)
Stage III	30 (21.7)	10 (8.3)
Stage IV	80 (57.9)	98 (81.7)
Smoking history			0.021
Never smoked	28 (20.3)	12 (10)
Former smoker	22 (15.9)	8 (6.7)
Current smoker	88 (63.8)	100 (83.3)
Alcohol consumption			0.034
Never drank	42 (30.4)	18 (15)
Former drinker	14 (10.1)	6 (5)
Current drinker	82 (59.4)	96 (80)
BMI (kg/m²)	25.3 ± 4.1	24.9 ± 3.2	0.567
Family history of cancer			0.008
Yes	16 (11.6)	4 (3.3)
No	122 (88.4)	116 (96.7)
Previous gastric surgery			0.009
Yes	8 (5.8)	2 (1.7)
No	130 (94.2)	118 (98.3)

BMI: Body mass index; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 2 Multivariate cox regression analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival

Variable	HR (95%CI)	P value
CINC (high vs low)	2.41 (1.58-3.68)	< 0.001
H. pylori infection	1.89 (1.23-2.90)	0.004
TNM stage (IV vs I)	3.02 (1.95-4.68)	< 0.001
Current smoking	1.65 (1.10-2.47)	0.015
Age (> 60 vs ≤ 60)	1.32 (0.88-1.98)	0.182
Male gender	1.24 (0.82-1.87)	0.305

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; CINC: Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant.

Table 3 Serum cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant levels in patients with gastric cancer with or without concurrent malignancies, n (%)

Characteristic	Concurrent malignancies (n = 32)	No concurrent malignancies (n = 226)	P value
CINC (pg/mL)	395.2 ± 142.6	250.1 ± 110.3	< 0.001
H. pylori			0.005
H. pylori-positive	24 (75)	114 (50.44)
H. pylori-negative	8 (25)	112 (49.56)
Age (years)	62.4 ± 11.7	59.9 ± 10.5	0.214
Male gender	18 (56.3)	76 (33.6)	0.058
TNM stage			0.064
Stage I	8 (3.5)	2 (6.3)
Stage II	6 (18.8)	26 (11.5)
Stage III	10 (31.3)	44 (19.5)
Stage IV	14 (43.8)	148 (65.5)
Smoking history			0.179
Never	4 (12.5)	38 (16.9)
Former	6 (18.8)	22 (9.7)
Current	22 (68.8)	166 (73.5)
Alcohol consumption			0.165
Never	8 (25.0)	42 (18.6)
Former	3 (9.4)	14 (6.2)
Current	21 (65.6)	170 (75.2)
Family history of cancer			0.031
Yes	6 (18.8)	16 (7.1)
No	26 (81.3)	210 (92.9)
Previous gastric surgery			0.162
Yes	2 (6.3)	6 (2.7)
No	30 (93.8)	220 (97.3)

BMI: Body mass index; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; CINC: Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant.

Table 4 Longitudinal changes in serum cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant levels in patients with gastric cancer

Disease status	Patients (n)	CINC level at baseline (pg/mL)	CINC level at 12 months (pg/mL)	Change in CINC level (pg/mL)	P value
Tumor progression	56	352.4 ± 130.1	415.7 ± 150.6	+63.3 ± 30.5	< 0.05
Disease regression	24	298.6 ± 139.8	224.3 ± 104.7	-74.3 ± 35.2	< 0.05

CINC: Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant.